Table of Content

10 May 2006, Volume 25 Issue 05

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Articles

CO₂ emission and its affecting factors in paddy field of agroforestry cosyste- m in South China hilly area

LIU Hui^1,2;ZHAO Ping¹;WANG Yuesi³;LIN Yongbiao¹;RAO Xingquan¹

2006, 25(05):  471-476 . 

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With closed static chamber and modified gas chromatograph (HP5890Ⅱ),this paper measured the CO₂ emission from the paddy field of agroforestry ecosystem in hilly area of South China.Gas samples were taken from rice-involved and uninvolved plots simultaneously.In rice-involved plot,the emission was higher at daytime but lower at night,and the diurnal CO₂ emission rate was highly correlated to air temperature,soil surface temperature,and soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm.During rice growth period,the average diurnal CO₂ emission rate was significantly higher in rice－involved than in rice-uninvolved plot.Rice plant played a key role in the CO₂ emission from paddy field.The mean seasonal emission rate of CO₂ in the first and second crop season was 316.29±23.74 and 101.88±16.83 mg·m^-2·h^-1 for rice-involved plot,and 622.40±57.67 and 79.41±19.51mg·m^-2·h^-1 for rice-uninvolved plot,respectively.

Spatialtemporal correlations of NDVI with precipitation and temperature in Yellow River Basin

LIU Lüliu^1,2;XIAO Fengjin^1,2

2006, 25(05):  477-481 . 

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NDVI is an indicator of vegetation growth and its spatial distribution,with has a close relationship with climate conditions.By using Matlab and Arc/Info, this paper analyzed the spatial-temporal correlations of NDVI with the precipitation and temperature in the Yellow River Basin.The result showed that in the areas mainly covered with grass and shrub,NDVI had a significant correlation with precipitation and temperature (P<0.05),but the spatial positions of related regions changed with time.On basin scale,the annual NDVI variation and the annual and monthly average temperature from 1982 to 1999 increased,while the annual precipitation during this period decreased.The annual NDVI variation had no significant correlation with annual precipitation and average temperature (P>0.05),but in July,NDVI was significantly correlated with precipitation and temperature,and the correlation coefficient was 0.855 and 0.943,respectively.On grid scale,the annual NDVI variation was not correlated with average temperature in most regions,but related to the annual precipitation in the upper watershed covered with grass and shrub,and the correlation coefficients were mainly positive.The annual NDVI variation in the upper watershed mainly covered with shrub and grass was closely related to the precipitation in summer,and the correlated area was up to 13.74×1010⁴ km².In the regions nearby the upper and middle reaches mainly covered with grass and shrub,which accounted for 9.91×10⁴ km²,the NDVI was related to precipitation in July.The annual NDVI variation was mainly positively related to the temperature in spring,summer and autumn.In April,NDVI was positively related to the temperature in the region covered with grass and shrub in upper Lanzhou,but in October,it was negatively related to the temperature in the region covered with shrub and grass between Lanzhou and Mt.Shizuishan of Ningxia Hui National Autonomy Region.

Plant species diversity of evergreen broadleaf forests in Taishan Mountain of Lishui,Zhejiang Provcince

ZHU Shengchao

2006, 25(05):  482-486 . 

Asbtract ( 2006 )  

Through plot investigation and by using the indices of species diversity and community evenness,this paper analyzed the plant diversity of evergreen broadleaf forests in Taishan Mountain of Lishui,Zhejiang Province.The results showed that the species number of arbor in the evergreen broadleaf forest community was in simplification,and the species diversity and evenness varied among different community layers.The species diversity index of shrub layer was the highest,followed by arbor layer,and herb layer.Based on the habitat,community structure and species composition,three main community typesi.e.,Schima superba-Castanopsis eyrei,Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Lithocarpus glaber,andCyclobalanopsis stewardiana were recognized.

Aboveground biomass and its models of Quercus aquifolioides thicket community in Balangshan Mountain in Wolong Natural Reserve

LIU Xingliang^1,2;HAO Xiaodong¹;YANG Dongsheng⁴;LIU Shirong³;SU Yiming²;CAI Xiaohu²;HE Fei²;MA Qinyuan¹

2006, 25(05):  487-491 . 

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As a very special vegetation type in China,Quercus aquifolioides,a type of sub-alpine sclerophyllous oak forest,distributes widely in Hengduanshan mountain in Wolong Natural Reserve.By the methods of field plot investigation and sample tree plot harvesting,the aboveground biomass of 6 Q.aquifolioides communities distributed at the heights from 2 720 m to 3 120 m was studied at Balangshan Mountain in Wolong Nature Reserve.The fitting model with the parameter of diameter (D) or height (H) used to estimate the organs' biomass of individuals was an exponential or a power function model,and the latter was the better one,with the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.941 to 0.988.The fitting model with the parameter of D²H was a linear or an exponential model,and the former was better,with the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.982 to 0.996.The average total biomass of Q.aquifolioides thicket community was 3.3891×10⁴ kg·hm^-2,and the biomass in different layers was decreased in the order of canopy layer > ground litter > associated shrubs layer > lichen> herbage,accounted for 77.92%,17.64%,2.14%,1.23% and 1.07% of the total biomass,respectively. The average total biomass of Q.aquifolioides population was 2.6408×10⁴ kg·hm^-2,and the biomass in different organs was in the order of root > stem > branch > leaf > bark,accounted for 31.03%,29.85%,18.54%,18.54% and 6.91% of the total population biomass,respectively.

Ordination and classification of endangered plant Berchemiella wilsonii var.pubipetiolata communities

HU Lile^1,3,5;YAN Boqian^2,3,5;ZHU Jiaojun¹;LIU Shengli⁴;JIANG Mingxi⁵

2006, 25(05):  492-496 . 

Asbtract ( 1885 )   PDF (502KB) ( 1138 )  

By using DCA ordination and TWINSPAN classification,a total of 69 plots with endangered plantBerchemiella wilsonii var.pubipetiolata were partitioned into 9 community types.Both the methods of DCA ordination and TWINSPAN classification obtained very consistent results.B.wilsonii var. pubipetiolata had a high habitat speciality,and grew well in four communities,i.e., Liquidambar formosana community,Pinus massoniana+Cunninghamia lanceolata+Quercus glauca confer and broadleaf mixed community,complex community,and Acer davidii+Lindera praecox community.The understory of the four communities had some evident similarities,i.e.,Oplismenus undulatifolius and Aster ageratoides were the two dominant species of herb layer,and L.praecox was one of the dominant species of shrub layerB.wilsonii var.pubipetiolatamostly distributed in low altitude (500-900 m above sea level) mountainous region characterized by higher humidity and well drainage,and was mostly found at northern slopes.

Agro-pastoral alteration in western Jilin Province and induced variation of ecosystem service value

LI Xiaoyan^1,2;WANG Zongming¹;ZHANG Shuwen¹

2006, 25(05):  497-502 . 

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Western Jilin Province lies in the semi-arid agro-pastoral interweaving belt (APIB),within which,agriculture and animal husbandry interplay or alternate each other frequently.To understand the alternation between arable land and grass land and its induced variation in eco-value could provide scientific basis for the protection of regional environment and the sustainability of eco-function.This paper analyzed the changes of land area,type and gravity center during 1954-2000,and calculated the ecosystem service value in the process of alteration through extending the existent evaluation method.The results showed that from 1954 to 2000,the arable land in this area increased by 3.96×10⁵ hm²,while pastoral land decreased by 9.07×10⁵ hm².The frequency of alteration between arable and pastoral lands increased,and their gravity center inclined to the west.Due to the lower ecosystem service value of unit area arable land,this alternation led to an overall declination of regional ecosystem service value.The decreased value caused by the change of agricultural and pastoral lands was $ 1.22×10⁸,accounting for 23 % of the total decreased value,among which,the degradation of lower coverage grass land occupied 71.78%.It was concluded that the extensive reclaimation of sparse grass land would still bring out an un-negligible impact on regional environment,despite the lower eco-value of this land.

Effects of sulfur deficiency on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of Citrus sinensis Osbeck leaves

CHEN Pingzhao,WANG Lei

2006, 25(05):  503-506 . 

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The study with solution culture showed that under sulfur deficiency,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn),photorespiration rate (Pr),photosynthetic pigment content,soluble protein content,original fluorescence (Fo),photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm),maximum fluorescence (Fm),and electron transmit rate (ETR) ofCitrus sinensis Osbeck leaves declined markedly,while Pr/Pn increased obviously.The depress of C.sinensis Osbeck leaves photosynthetic ability under sulfur deficiency could be resulted from the disfigurement of chloroplast growth or the deficiency of characterizing functional protein.

Ecological regulation effects of straw mulching in tea plantation in subtropical hilly red soil region

XIAO Runlin¹；PENG Wanxia¹；SONG Tongqing¹;WANG Jiurong¹;XIA Yanjun ¹;TANG Yu²

2006, 25(05):  507-511 . 

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In this paper,a field experiment with four years straw mulching was conducted in a young tea plantation in subtropical hilly red soil region to study the integrative ecological regulation effects of this mulching.The results showed that straw mulching improved soil physical and chemical properties, increased the moisture content in 0～20 cm soil layer during the key growth period of tea plant (April to June),postponed and shortened the period of high temperature and continual drought,inhibited some pest insects,diseases and weeds,and had duplex effects in raising and keeping temperature during cold time and lowering temperature during hot season.Moreover,it was helpful to the growth of earthworms.

Temperature characters of TGMS rice plant and their application

HU Ning¹;Lv Chuangen²;ZOU Jiangshi²;XIA Shijian²;YAO Kemin^1,2

2006, 25(05):  512-516 . 

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Temperature fluctuation is the key problem in safeguarding the seed production of two-line hybrid rice.An experiment with deep water-and moistening irrigation and four sowing dates showed that the temperature at 20 cm height was an accurate indicator for fertility transfer.The study on the stem temperature,leaf temperature,and air temperature at the heights of 20 cm and 40 cm in deep water and moistening-irrigated fields showed that after deep water-irrigation,water layer,as the main heat source,led to a slower and less heating than air,because of the long wave radiation and convection,and,the effective heating was at the height below 40 cm.In this irrigated field,the daily maximum temperature was T_Q40>T_Q20>T_J20>T_Y40, which was affected by solar radiation,while the daily minimum temperature was T_Q20>T_J20>T_Y40>T_Q40,which was affected by water temperature.Based on the close relationships between water temperature and air temperature at the height of 150 cm,relative humidity at 20 cm,wind velocity at 200cm,and stem temperature and air temperature at 20 cm,an applied model was built.

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and protective enzyme activities of bean leaves at different position on stem

LI Xuemei^1,2;HE Xingyuan¹;ZHANG lihong¹;WANG Lanlan²;CHEN Qiang²

2006, 25(05):  517-520 . 

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The study on the physiological activities of bean leaves at different position on stem showed that,under ultraviolet radiation，the photosynthesis and transpiration rate of leaves increased first and decreased then.After 3 h ultraviolet radiation,the inhibition rate of photosynthesis was increased with increasing leaf position.The stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ of the first leaf enhanced slightly,while those of the second and third leaves enhanced first but decreased then.Ultraviolet radiation made the chlorophyll content decreased first and enhanced then,and made the MDA content enhanced significantly.The POD activity under ultraviolet radiation enhanced first and decreased then,and after 3 h ultraviolet radiation,the POD activity in the first leaf was 26.9% lower than the control.Ultraviolet radiation slightly raised the SOD activity of the first leaf,but sharply inhibited the SOD activity of the second and third leaves.

Effects of seawater stress on Helianthus annuusL. seedlings growth and mineral nutrition

KOU Weifeng;LIU Zhaopu;ZHENG Hongwei

2006, 25(05):  521-525 . 

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The study with sand culture showed that under seawater stress,the plant height,stem diameter,and dry weight of Helianthus annuusL. seedlings decreased significantly.With increasing seawater concentration,the Cl^-content in root,stem and leaf,Mg²⁺ content in stem and leaf,and Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents in leaf were increased,but the K⁺,total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents in root,stem and leaf were decreased.Under the stress of 10% and 20% seawater,Na⁺ and Cl^-were mainly accumulated in root and stem,but less in leaf.After treated with seawater,seedlings’leaf had the highest K⁺/Na⁺,while their root had the lowest one.The calculated S_K,Na in root,stem and leaf was always higher than 1.It was speculated that the interception of Na⁺ and Cl^-by Helianthus annuus L. seedlings at low concentration seawater,and the selective absorption of K⁺ over other ions by root and its consequent transportation to stem and leaf under seawater stress were the main causes for the salt tolerance of Helianthus annuusL. seedlings.

Profit and loss analysis on ecological value in upper reaches of Tarim River under land use changes

GONG Lu^1,2,3;Lv Guanghui^1,2,3;DING Jianli¹;LIU Xinchun⁴;PAN Xiaoling^1,2,3

2006, 25(05):  526-530 . 

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Based on the TM images of 1990 and 2000,this paper analyzed the land use changes in Akesu-Awati oasis at the upper reaches of Tarim River,and,with the equivalent weight factors of ecosystem services,estimated the ecological value under these changes.The results showed that the land use changes in test area were notable,with the rapid increase of cropland,residential site and saline land,and the decrease of grassland,forest land,water area and wetland to different degree.During 1990-2000,the ecological value became negative,and decreased by 1.055×10⁹ Yuan.There was a great loss of the economic value of ecosystem services,which meant that only through sustainable development,could we achieve the best development of society and economy in the research area.

Realized sex ratio of lac insect

CHEN Youqing,WANG Shaoyun

2006, 25(05):  531-534 . 

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This paper compared the realized sex ratio of several lac insect pecies,based on the previous and the authors' researches.The results showed that the realized sex ratio of Kerria ruralis with the same life cycle and on the same host trees differed with years,while that of K.ruralis and K.lacca with the same life cycle and in the same year was different with different host tree species.On the same host trees,the realized sex ratio of K.ruralis andK.sindica was different with different life cycles,even in the same year.The realized sex ratio of K.ruralis differed on the same host trees,when the brood lac was different.The temperature and humidity of environment,and the structure,nutrient contents and growth speed of host trees had effects on the realized sex ratio of lac insect.The mechanism of the difference in realized sex ratio of lac insect might be due to the local mate competition and the local resource competition.

Toxic effects of cadmium on Rana chensinensis tadpole growth and development

HUANG Minyi^1,2;ZHANG Yuhui¹

2006, 25(05):  535-540 . 

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In this study,Rana chensinensis tadpole was exposed to Cd²⁺containing tap water and deionized water,and the 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀),100% lethal concentration (LC₁₀₀),0% lethal concentration (LC₀),and safe concentration (SC) at 24,48,72 and 96 h were determined.The results showed that the death rate of R.chensinensis tadpole increased with Cd²⁺ concentration and time,and the toxicity of Cd²⁺ was stronger in deionized water than in tap water.After put the tadpoles of stage 26-27 in the tap water under Cd²⁺ safe concentration (0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4 mg·L^-1),the increment of their average weight and length was decreased with increasing Cd²⁺ concentration,and the duration for heteromorphosis became longer,indicating that even under Cd²⁺ safe concentration,the growth and metamorphosis of R.chensinensis tadpole could be still delayed and disturbed.

Heavy metals accumulation by hydrophytes

HUANG Yongjie;LIU Dengyi;WANG Youbao;WANG Xingming;LI Jing

2006, 25(05):  541-545 . 

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With field sampling method,we measured the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn,and Mn in the waters around Siheshan industrial area of Wuhu,and compared the accumulation characteristics of these heavy metals in 8 species of hydrophytes grown there.The results showed that in the test waters,the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn,and Mn were 9,10.1,400,3,and 438 times higher than the standards,respectively,and all of the test hydrophytes could accumulate larger amounts of the metals.Hydrocharis dubia had the highest accumulation capability,with the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Cd and Zn being 9.12,33.41,0.8 and 26.9 times higher in its root,and 2.59,5,0.3 and 9.1 times higher in its stem and leaf than in the waters,respectively.The bioaccumulation coefficients of Cu,Pb and Zn in different organs of test plants were all larger than 1. For Typha orientalis,its root had a higher capability of accumulating Pb and Cd than its stem and leaf. Lemna minor,Typha orientalis,H.dubia,Sagittaria trifolia,Phragmites australis and Gynura crepidioides had the greater development potential and application prospect in the phyto-remediation of the waters contaminated by heavy metals such as Cu,Pb and Zn.

Biological toxicity of industrial wastewater in Fushun,Liaoning Province

SUN Xiaoyi¹;WANG Yujun¹;GONG Zongqiang²;LI Peijun²;LAI Yongbin¹

2006, 25(05):  546-549 . 

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Potential Ecotoxic Effect Probe (PEEP) is an index colligated the results of multiple biological and ecotoxicological tests,and an important supplement to physical-chemical assessment.With Vicia faba root tip test,luminescent bacteria acute toxicological test and fish acute toxicological test,this paper assessed the biological toxicity of wastewater discharged from 10 enterprises of Fushun City,Liaoning Province.The results showed that the industrial wastewater in Fushun City was mostly polluted at medium level,and that from pesticide and beer plants was highly toxic.The amount of wastewater discharged from these plants was relatively small,but it was essential to control its pollution.According to the criteria for pollution control,wastewater discharge from enterprises should be controlled when the PEEP value was higher than six.Our analysis showed that the PEEP values of wastewater from the 10 enterprises were higher than 6,indicating the necessity of their wastewater discharge and pollution control.

Effects of plant,soil and soil management on soil microbial community diversity

WANG Guanghua;JIN Jian;XU Meina;LIU Xiaobing

2006, 25(05):  550-556 . 

Asbtract ( 1993 )  

Soil microbe is an important component of soil ecosystem,and its community diversity in different habitats is the hotspot of recent soil ecological study.This paper summarized the research advances in the effects of plant,soil,and soil management on the diversity of soil microbial community. Soil microbial community diversity varied with plant community diversity,plant species and genotypes,and plant growth stages and its root zone.The effects of soil on soil microbial community diversity were related to soil texture and its organic matter content.There was an interaction between soil and plant on the diversity of soil microbial community.Soil microbial community diversity was also strongly affected by soil management.Long-term monoculture and applying chemical fertilizers or pesticides decreased the diversity,while applying organic manure or non-tillage increased the diversity and was good for maintaining the functions of soil ecosystem.

Roles of animals in seed dispersal of Pinus：A review

LU Changhu

2006, 25(05):  557-562 . 

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In genus Pinus,there are approximately 110 species which can be classified into two groups according to the modes of their seed dispersal,i.e.,winddispersed and animal-dispersed.The former is in absolute majority,with the seeds small and having relatively large wings that have the potential to carry by the wind well beyond the canopy of parent trees,while the latter includes about 23 species,often with large,edible and wingless or nearly wingless seeds,and distributed in barren or infertile habitat,and in high elevation mountains.The seeds of nine species in this group are known to be dispersed by animals,and those of the other 14 species are presumed to be.Animal dispersers are corvidae (e.g.,jay and nutcracker) and rodents (e.g.,chipmunk, mouse,and squirrel).They store the seeds separately in many caches,with one or several seeds per cache,and the remained seeds may germinate and be dispersed.Many of the cache microhabitat are beneficial to seed germination,a directed dispersal.The dispersal distance may be several meters (by rodents) or kilometers (by birds).Tree cluster (clumping) or multitrunk often occurs for animal-dispersed pines,due to the germination of several seeds in one cache.The seeds in most caches are recovered and eaten by hoarders,a post-dispersal predation.Some wind-dispersed pines with large seeds are not dispersed very far,and the seeds may be cached by animals and dispersed again,a secondary dispersal.Such pines can be also classified as a type of “wind plus animal dispersed pines”.A mutualism exists between dispersing animals and pines.

Research advances in eco-physiological model of plant canopy scale

ZHANG Mi^1，2;GUAN Dexin¹;WU Jiabing¹;SHI Tingting¹;JIN Changjie¹;HAN Shijie¹

2006, 25(05):  563-571 . 

Asbtract ( 1964 )  

With the deepening of plant life research,different eco-physiological models based on plant physiological and physical processes are developed step by step,and the eco-physiological model of plant canopy scale becomes one of the cores of ecosystem model.At present,big-leaf model,multilayer model,and two-leaf model of plant canopy scale are widely used,because these three models have ripe theoretical base,and successfully simulated the photosynthesis and transpiration of plant canopy.These models are all based on the model which combined photosynthesis,stomatal conductance and transpiration,and have their own characters.This paper introduced and compared the structures and characters of the three models,and discussed their applications,shortcomings,and development trends.

Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on protein synthesis and DNA damage in plant s

LUO Liqiong;CHEN Zongyu;GU Jin;ZI Xianneng

2006, 25(05):  572-576 . 

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The gradual depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in atmosphere has led to the increase of solar UV-B radiation that reaches earth surface.The enhanced UV-B radiation would affect plants in various extents through different mechanisms.According to the theories of molecule ecology,the damage of plants by enhanced UV-B radiation is firstly represented as a damage of biomacromolecule,i.e.,photochemical modification.This paper discussed the ways of UV-B radiation affecting environment and plants after the depletion of stratospheric ozone layer,with the focus on the UV-B radiation's effects on the inhibition of protein synthesis and the repair approaches of DNA damage.The prospects on applying the technology of molecule ecology to study the plants' resistant mechanism and DNA damage repair techniques were discussed.

Plant invasion in wetland and invasiveness of wetland plants

LI Hongyuan;MENG Weiqing

2006, 25(05):  577-580 . 

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Wetland is viewed as the “Kidney of the Nature”,while wetland ecosystem is being destroyed seriously.In the disturbance of wetland ecosystem,plant invasion has become the main factor,and wetland plants have higher invasiveness.Therefore,wetland and plant invasion are the hotpots in modern ecological study.We summarized the main reasons why wetlands are more easily invaded,e.g.,diversity and wide distribution of wetland habitats,relativity of wetland’s location with plant seed’s diffusion routes,disturbance,eutrophication,frangibility of wetland,and lack of natural enemies;introduced 21 worldwide plant species with higher invasiveness in wetland and their ecological behaviors;and analyzed five hypotheses about the plant invasion in wetland,i.e.,natural enemy’s evasion,broader tolerance,efficient use,heterosis,and allelopathy.

Application of earthworm in environmental safety study

LIANG Jidong^1,2;ZHOU Qixing^2,3;SUN Fuhong^2,4

2006, 25(05):  581-586 . 

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Earthworm is of significance in ecotoxicological diagnosis of environmental pollution,which is the basis of its application in environmental safety study.This paper overviewed several ecotoxicological diagnosing methods with earthworm，including acute toxicological test,field ecotoxicological test,biological detection of polluted environment,and microbioassays, discussed the research advances in monitoring environmental safety with earthworm,and summarized the application of earthworm in treating domestic wastes,agricultural organic wastes,and wastewater.The important ecological functions of earthworm in detoxifying polluted environment and the future development of earthworm’s application were expatiated.

3S-based assessment system of highway ecological landscape

CAO Jun;ZHANG Yizhuo;YU Huiling

2006, 25(05):  587-590 . 

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To harmonize the construction of highway and its peripheral ecological landscape,this paper designed an assessment system of highway ecological landscape by using 3S technology and analytic hierarchy process.The highway ecological landscape was disintegrated into 3 hierarchies,and the weights of assessment elements were ascertained through verifying matrix accordance.The application of this system in assessing the ecological landscape around Quangui highway showed that the assessment results were coincided with investigation results,which proved the effectiveness of the analytic hierarchy process.

Quantitative inversion of chlorophyll content based on radiative transfer model

SHI Runhe^1,2;ZHUANG Dafang¹;NIU Zheng³;WANG Wen⁴

2006, 25(05):  591-595 . 

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PROSPECT model is a well-known leaf optical model based on the radiative transfer processes within a leaf,which was used in this paper to simulate the leaf reflectance spectra of chlorophyll,water,and dry matter contents and mesophyll structure parameters,aimed to investigate the feasibility and precision of hyperspectral vegetation indices (VIs) in chlorophyll prediction,and their resistant performances against leaf water,dry matter,and mesophyll structure.A total of 5 widely-used VIs for predicting chlorophyll content,i.e.Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (CARI),Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI),Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI),Structured-Independent Pigment Index (SIPI),and Area of Band Normalization to the Center of Absorption Feature (ABNC),were considered.The simulation results showed that all the VIs except TVI were decreased with increasing chlorophyll content.Water content had little influence on VIs,because the major absorption features of leaf water were located at 1 300 nm and 1 900 nm which were not used in the VIs.Dry matter content had some influence on CARI and TVI,and mesophyll structure greatly affected the VIs except SIPI,because of the influence of mesophyll structure on the leaf reflectance spectra at both visible and near infrared regions.The use of simulated spectra in studying the affecting factors of chlorophyll VIs was a successful trial,which showed consistent results with measured rice leaf spectra.It was confirmed that the use of model-simulated spectra was theoretically based,simple,and generally applicable.