Table of Content

10 July 2006, Volume 25 Issue 07

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Articles

Effects of mixed planting legume and Eucalyptus on soil available nutrients

YANG Zengjiang¹; CHEN Yuan²;XU Daping¹; PENG Shiyao²;WANG Zhonglin²; CHEN Wenping²

2006, 25(07):  725-730 . 

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In this paper, a comparison study was made on the characteristics of soil available nutrients inEucalyptus pure plantation (EPP), Acacia pure plantation (APP), and mixed plantations ofEucalyptus and Acacia planted row by row (MPRR) and individual by individual (MPII). The results showed that soil NO₃^--N content in APP and MPRR was much higher than that in EPP, and similar pattern was observed for soil NH₄⁺-N content. Eucalyptus plantation mixed with legumes could remarkably improve soil nitrogen supply. Soil available phosphorus content was the highest in EPP but the lowest in APP, which might result from the high P content in shed leaves in EPP and the accelerated plant growth under high soil nitrogen supply in APP. No distinct difference of soil available potassium and boron contents was observed among the four plantations, only with a slightly higher K and lower B in APP. The different patterns of soil K and B in APP might result from the different absorption of the two elements by APP. Soon after the establishment of plantations, soil available B dropped to a very low level, but then increased steadily.

Release effects of tropical seasonal rain forest and rubber forest on rainfall erosivity in South Yunnan

ZHANG Yiping¹;HE Yunling^1,2;YANG Gencan³

2006, 25(07):  731-737 . 

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Rainfall is a main factor affecting soil erosion. Its erosivity is usually estimated by the product of rain kinetic energy times the biggest rain density during a certain period, and also, can be determined by the daily rainfall amount. With the daily rainfall data collected from four meteorological stations (Mengla, Menglun, Jinghong and Simao) and from tropical seasonal rain forest and rubber forest, this paper analyzed the rainfall erosivity and its seasonal variation in Xishuangbanna, and studied the effects of deforestation on the rainfall erosivity. The results showed that the rainfall erosivity in Xishuangbanna was smaller in dry season (November-April), but increased gradually in rainy season and got its maximum in July and August. The rainfall erosivity was bigger in four meteorological stations than in tropical seasonal rain forest and rubber forest, and bigger in rubber forest than in tropical season rain forest, which was more notable in rainy season than in dry season. The results obtained in this study could be served as the scientific basis for the further research on water and soil loss due to deforestation.

Isolation of naphthalenedegrading bacteria and molecular detection of their naphthalene-catabolic genes

LI Yongjun, ZHAO Huabing, REN Heshan, LIANG Jing, CAI Baoli

2006, 25(07):  738-742 . 

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In this paper, 24 naphthalene-degrading bacterial isolates were isolated respectively from wastewater treatment facility’s activated sludge and from petroleum wastewater. The total DNA of these isolates were extracted, and hybridized with several naphthalene-catabolic genes. The results indicated that the bacterial isolates isolated from the two sources were quite different in their contained naphthalene-degrading genes. The isolates from petroleum wastewater contained naphthalene dioxygenase Fe-S protein large subunit genenahAc, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase gene nahF and its duplicate genenahV, salicylate hydroxylase genenahG and its duplicate gene nahU, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene nahH, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase gene catA, and naphthalene chemotaxis protein gene nahY, while those from activated sludge only contained nahAc, nahF, nahG and catA, but nonahY,nahV, nahU andnahH.

Structure and growth pattern of dormancy modules of Puccinellia chinampoensisclones on alkalized meadow of Songnen Plain

SONG Jinzhi^1，2;YANG Yunfei¹

2006, 25(07):  743-746 . 

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By the method of digging single clone in a large sample in random, this paper studied the structure and growth pattern of dormancy modules of Puccinellia chinampoensis clones on the alkalized meadow of Songnen Plain in China. The results showed that by the end of growth season, the dormancy modules of P. chinampoensis clones were consisted of dormancy seedlings and dormancy buds, with an average number being 72.27±48.29 and 45.87±26.27, respectively. The numbers of dormancy seedlings and dormancy buds and the whole dormancy modules were increased by power function with increasing diameter size and area and number of parent tiller.

Hydrochemical characteristics of through-fall in different layers of Cinnamomum camphora plantation.

CHEN Shujun^1，2; TIAN Dalun²;YAN Wende²;XIANG Wenhua²

2006, 25(07):  747-752 . 

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The measurement of nutrient elements N, P, SiO₂, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in rainfall, through-fall of canopy and shrub layer, and dripping of herb layer in Cinnamomum camphor plantation showed that the concentrations of test elements in rainfall varied with different month, and their monthly average concentratons decreased in the sequence of Ca＞SiO₂＞Zn＞NH₄-N＞K＞NO₃-N＞Fe＞Mg＞Mn＞P＞Cu. The concentrations of these elements in the through-fall of canopy and shrub layer and in the dripping of herb layer varied in the same way and changed seasonally, most of which were increased. The concentration sequence of the elements in the throughfall of canopy, throughfall of shrub layer, and dripping of herb layer was Ca＞K＞Zn＞SiO₂＞NH₄-N＞NO₃-N＞Mg＞Mn＞Fe＞P＞Cu, Ca＞K＞Zn＞SiO₂＞NH₄-N＞NO₃-N＞Mg＞Fe＞Mn＞P＞Cu, and Ca＞NH₄-N＞K＞SiO₂＞NO₃-N＞Mn＞Mg＞Zn＞Fe＞P＞Cu, respectively. The Fe concentration in the through-fall of canopy and shrub layer as well as the Fe and Zn concentrations in the dripping of herb layer were lower, while the concentrations of other elements were higher than those in the rainfall. Element enrichment except that of NO₃-N, Fe and Zn was stronger in the dripping of herb layer than in the through-fall of canopy and shrub layer.

Land use change and its ecological effects in the ecotone of Southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region：A case study of Akesu City area

SHI Yongliang^1,2;WANG Rusong¹;ZHOU Haibo³;CHEN Liang¹

2006, 25(07):  753-758 . 

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Land use change and its ecological effects is a hotspot in the study of land use/land cover change (LUCC). Based on the TM images in 1995, 2000 and 2003, and according to the parameter proportion provided by Costanza in the evaluation of global ecosystem service value, this paper analyzed the ecological values of different land use types in the Akesu City of Xinjiang Autonomous Uyghur Region, and quantitatively assessed the ecological effects of LUCC in the rural and urban areas of the City. The results showed that the landscape fragmentation index in Akesu City was high, and near half of its cropland was instable because of water stress. During the study period, land use change improved the ecological benefits of land use, and presented a significant spatial diversity.

Effects of shading on growth and photosynthesis of three species of the genus Stenotaphrum

HUAN Juan;XIA Hanping;CAI Xi’an

2006, 25(07):  759-764 . 

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Three grasses of the genus Stenotaphrum, S. helferi, S.secundatum and S. secundatum cv. varietgatum are all shade-resistant species. The photosynthetic characteristics of the three species showed that their photosynthesis had no light inhibition under strong radiation at noon, and all presented a single apex in the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate. Except S. secundatum cv. varietgatum, S. helferi and S. secundatum had a higher net photosynthesis rate in 75% shading than under full light. Field observations showed that S. secundatum cv. varietgatum andS. secundatum kept their growth in the vegetative stage all the year around, while S. helferi completed its lifecycle including vegetative growth, earring, flowering and seeding within 3 months. Among the three species, S. secundatum grew best under full sunshine, whereas S. helferi grew best in the shading situation. All tested species still kept pretty good growth situation under 75% shading, and maintained evergreen in the whole year. On the whole, all the three species assumed shade-tolerant ability; among them, S. helferi had the strong shade-tolerant ability, which grew rapidly under the condition of shading, and its leaves revealed emerald color. Thereby, it was a very ideal sciophilous turfgrass.S. secundatum cv. varietgatum grew slowest but had yellow strips on its leaves and, therefore, presented beautiful scenery at any time.

Temporal dynamics of Ceratosolen solmsi marchali population on Ficus hispida

SHU Mei^1,2;PENG Yanqiong¹; YANG Darong¹

2006, 25(07):  765-768 . 

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In this paper, fig-pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen solmsi marchali) was collected from the fig Ficus hispida in the Xishuangbanna tropical area at different time to study the temporal dynamics of its population within a natural fig, and three foundresses were introduced to a single fig in different periods to know the temporal dynamics of the population size of the fig-pollinating wasp in controlled experiments. The results showed that the population sizes of the fig-pollinating wasp were varied in different years, months and days, and the numbers of female had a greater change than those of male. Some significant differences in the means of pollinators within a single fig were observed in different years and months, and the possible limiting factors were the development status of fig trees, climate, and non-pollinating fig wasp. But, there was no significant difference in the means of pollinators within a single fig in different days of a month, which was thought to be the adjustment of the vitality and lifespan of foundresses, and the figs of different spaces. This study could provide scientific basis for controlling experiments in the future.

Comparison of different atmospheric correction models in their effects on Landsat TM estimation of forest leaf area index

CHEN Xinfang¹; CHEN Jingming²;AN Shuqing¹;LIU Yuhong¹;FANG Xiuqin³; WANG Shuming⁴

2006, 25(07):  769-773 . 

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To compare the effects of two atmospheric correction models on the relationships between vegetation indices (VIs) and forest leaf area index (LAI), the atmospheric correction reflectance images on the basis of DN image were obtained by using 6S and Gilabert models. The simple ratio (SR), normalizes difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified normalizes difference vegetation index (MNDVI), atmospheric resistant vegetation index (ARVI) and reduced simple ratio (RSR) of the broadleaved forests and mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forests in Baohe basin were estimated, and the relationships between the VIs and the ground-based measurements of LAI were calculated. The results showed that compared with DN image, the two models significantly increased the correlation coefficients between LAI and VIs except SR and NDVI. Different atmospheric correction models had significant effects on the estimation of forest leaf area. It was suggested that more attention should be paid to choose appropriate atmospheric correction models and VIs when remote sensing data were applied to quantitative analyzing and information collecting in field.

Responses of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of east Gansu Province to climate warming

WANG Weitai^1,2;ZHANG Tianfeng²;HUANG Bin²; LI Zongyan²; WANG Runyuan¹;YANG Min³;PU Jinyong⁴

2006, 25(07):  774-778 . 

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The study based on ground parallel observation data showed that since 1981, the whole growth and over-wintering periods of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of east Gansu Province shortened, the dates of its turning green and harvesting went ahead, but the days from its over-wintering to turning green didn’t have distinct change. Climate warming made the dates of turning green, jointing, flowering and maturing gone ahead, the days from flowering to milkmaturing prolonged, and the days from milk-maturing to maturing shortened. Seed grain weight increased with increasing accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃, but decreased with the raise of maximum temperature in the period from March to harvest time. The yield increased with the raise of average minimum temperature and the increasing accumulated temperature ≥0 ℃, ≥5 ℃, ≥10 ℃ and ≥15 ℃, but decreased with the increase of accumulated temperature ≥20 ℃, which indicated that the increase of high temperature weather had a definite negative effect on the winter wheat yield.

Temporal and spatial variations of extreme precipitation and dryness events in Northeast China in last 50 years

SUN Fenghua¹; WU Zhijian²; YANG Suying¹

2006, 25(07):  779-784 . 

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The daily precipitation data from 1951 to 2002 recorded by 93 weather stations in Northeast China were used to study the temporal and spatial distribution of extreme precipitation and dryness events in this part of China, and the causes of intensifying drought and flood disasters were analyzed from the viewpoint of the changes in the frequency and strength of these events. The results showed that in last 52 years, sprinkle had an obvious decreased frequency, rainstorm had a little change of its frequency but an obvious increased intensity, severe dryness was obviously increased, while severe wetness was obviously decreased. Under the background of a little change of total precipitation, precipitation events had an obvious trend of extremeness, and the distribution of precipitation became more asymmetric, which might be one of the main causes of the higher frequency and enhanced intensity of drought and flood, and bring with negative effects on the eco-environment, and especially the agricultural production of Northeast China.

Anatomical structure of Deyeuxia angustifolia stem in different habitats of Sanjiang Plain

WANG Xiaoqi¹;ZHANG Yanfu¹; SHA Wei¹;YANG Liu¹; NI Hongwei²

2006, 25(07):  785-788 . 

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This paper studied the anatomical structure ofDeyeuxia angustifolia stem in the representative meadow, swamp meadow, and swamp of Sanjiang Plain. Six parameters were determined, i.e., cell layers of collenchyma and arenchyma, cell wall thickness of collenchyma, thickness of cortex layer and vascular bundle, and diameter of vessel lumen. The results showed that in the three habitats with different water conditions, the structural components of the stem were basically the same but showed significant differences in their amount and size, indicating that Deyeuxia angustifolia had definite adaptation abilities to the changes of environment.

Changes of ecoenvironment in Bohai coastal zone during 1988-2000: A study based on TM data

LIU Hongjuan^1,2;ZHENG Binghui³;HU Yuanman¹;LI Zicheng³;LEI Kun³;WAN Jun³

2006, 25(07):  789-794 . 

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Coastal zone, as the transitional zone of ocean and continent, is the place with most complex and special ecological environment. Based on the Landsat-TM data in 1988 and 2000, by using RS and GIS techniques, and taking reference of related social-economic data, this paper studied the changes of land use and land cover in Bohai coastal area, their driving factors, and effects on eco-environment. The results showed that owing to the increasing population and the rapid development of social-economy, the land use pattern of this area changed dramatically. Cultivated land decreased in large scale, forestland and wetland that are of ecological significance decreased obviously, while the lands for urban and industrial use increased rapidly. These changes indicated that human activities greatly damaged the natural ecosystem in Bohai coastal zone, resulting in the decline of its eco-environment quality.

Bioavailable phosphorus in surface sediments of Zhelin Bay

DU Hong¹;HUANG Changjiang²;DONG Qiaoxiang²;LI Jin¹

2006, 25(07):  795-799 . 

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In this paper, surface sediment samples were collected from Zhelin Bay from July 2002 to July 2003, and their total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (OP), and different types of inorganic phosphorus were analyzed. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of various phosphorus forms was related to the grain size of sediments, and influenced by the sewage discharges and effluents from cultivation ponds in the coastal areas. In inorganic phosphorus, authigenic phosphorus (Au-P) was the dominant portion, accounting for 47.3% of TP, while iron-bound phosphorous (Fe-P) had the lowest content. OP occupied 19.5 % of TP. The bioavailable phosphorus including extractable phosphorous (Ex-P), Fe-P, OP and Au-P accounted for 35.7%～83.0% of TP, which was much higher than that in other bays in the world.

Wild animal management in the areas outside of natural reserves: A case study in Qiangtang Natural Reserve

ZHOU Wei¹;ZHONG Xianghao²

2006, 25(07):  800-804 . 

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When the wild animals in Natural Reserves enter into contracted pastures, they’ll contest with livestock for grass, and destroy the contracted pasture. To deal with the conflict between wild animals and herdsmen, it’s needed to establish a management schedule. In this paper, an observation area along the boundary between Qiangtang Reserve and adjacent contracted pastures was chosen, and the existing ability of management, attitude of herdsmen, local knowledge system, as well as the management projects and proposals put forward by local people were evaluated through transect walk and semi-structure interview and strengths-weakness-opportunity-threats matrix analysis. The results indicated that under the conditions of livestock’s over loading and severe pasture degradation, it was difficult to prevent wild animals from entering into contracted pasture and contesting with livestock for grass, and was infeasible to let wild animals alone or build segregation wall. The protection of wild animals outside of Natural Reserves should be arranged in a proper sequence, and the management should be in accordance to the earning level of herdsmen and their tolerability to wild animals, and to the conditions of local finance revenue and knowledge system. Besides these, to attract herdsmen participating into management practice based on the principle of cost-benefit was of significance.

Long-term effects of different forest harvesting modes on forest landscape pattern in Huzhong Forestry Bureau

GONG Xia^1,2;CHANG Yu¹; BU Rencang,LI Xiuzhen¹; XU Chonggang^1,2; YU Qinghe³

2006, 25(07):  805-812 . 

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With spatially intuitional landscape model (LANDIS), this paper simulated the long term (300 years) dynamic changes of forest landscape pattern in Huzhong Forestry Bureau in Daxing'anling Mountains under no cutting, clear cutting, gradual cutting, and selective cutting. Compared with no cutting, the other three harvesting modes decreased the distribution area of Larix gmelini andPicea koraiensis, but increased that ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica andBetula platyphylla. Selective cutting had the smallest effect on the distribution area of Larix gmelini andB. platyphylla. Cutting changed the age structure of tree species, and reduced the distribution area of over-matured forests. Compared with clear cutting, gradual cutting and selective cutting had more effects on this reduction. Under different forest harvesting modes, the aggregation of B. platyphylla andP. sylvestris var.mongolica had little difference, but great difference was observed on the aggregation of L. melini andP. koraiensis.

Ecological water demand and ecological reconstruction in Minqin Oasis

ZHANG Kai¹;HAN Yongxiang¹; SI Jianhua²; HAN Haitao³

2006, 25(07):  813-817 . 

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Ecological water demand is one of the hotspots in water issues, especially in the arid areas whose eco-environmental condition is sharply deteriorated. By the method of Aweliyongrufe, this paper calculated the ecological water demand of Minqin Oasis. The results indicated that the minimum ecological water demand of existing vegetation in Minqin Oasis was 1.4927×10⁸ m³·yr^-1, while the current ecological water use was only 0.3525×10⁸ m³·yr^-1. Such a serious deficit of ecological water demand was mainly due to the water use for farmland irrigation, which accelerated the deterioration of ecological environment in Minqin Oasis. Based on the analysis, the strategies of ecological reconstruction in Minqin Oasis were put forward.

Estimation on sustainable development of ecological environment in Guangxi Province

ZHANG Yan¹;WU Yuming^1，2

2006, 25(07):  818-821 . 

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Ecological footprint is a method for measuring the degree of sustainable development, which can be used to judge in quantity whether a regional ecological environment is under sustainable development status. Based on this method, the sustainable development status of ecological environment in Guangxi Province in 2003 was estimated, and the results showed that the per capita ecological footprint of Guangxi in 2003 was 1.1378 hm², and the per capita ecological capacity was 0.5753 hm². The resources demand was already exceeded their load, and the per capita ecological deficit was up to 0.5625 hm², suggesting that the ecological environment of Guangxi Province was in an unsustainable state, and corresponding countermeasures should be taken.

Floral characteristics and protection of vascular plants in coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay

ZHANG Xuliang¹;FENG Aiping²; SUI Yuzhu³; XIA Dongxing²

2006, 25(07):  822-827 . 

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The vegetations in coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay are mainly classified into 4 vegetation types and 15 plant communities. As the edificators, dominant species and main accompanying species in wetland vegetations, the 75 species of vascular plants belong to 35 families and 61 genera, among which, Gramineae, Chenopodiceae and Polygonaceac are most important. Based on the plant morphological characters, surface water condition and soil salinization, the vascular plants in coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay are classified into 4 eco-adapted groups, i.e., halophtes, hydrophtes, amphiphytes and psammophytes. The genera of vascular plants have 13 areal-types. 24 genera occupying 39.3% of the total belong to cosmopolitan-areal type, reflecting that the vascular plants have universals in geographical distribution. The genera belonging to temperate- and tropic-areal types and occupying 52.4% of the total are the other dominant genera. In light to the degradation of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay, some countermeasures were put forward to protect the vascular plants.

Conservation and management of coastal wetlands along the South China Sea of China

LAN Zhuhong¹; CHEN Guizhu¹;CHANG Hong²

2006, 25(07):  828-833 . 

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The South China Sea area of China is one of the richest areas in biodiversity, and also, a densely populated and developed area. It includes Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, Macau, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region and Hainan Province, with a total area being approximately 1.54×10⁴ km², and its coastal wetlands lying in the Sea-land ecotone is a vulnerable and sensitive ecological area. The coastal region of South China has been impaired and degraded seriously, due to the mighty pressure of population growth and economic development. Based on the analyses of the characteristics and present status of wetland recourses and the main causes of wetland degradation in this area, some countermeasures on the wetland conservation and management were suggested in this paper, aimed to protect the biodiversity of the coastal wetlands along the South China Sea of China, and to make sustained use of their eco-service functions.

Effects of elevated solar UV-B radiation on herbivorous insects

XU Jianxiang;YANG Haiyan;WU Jincai

2006, 25(07):  845-850 . 

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The depletion of stratospheric ozone leads to an increase of solar ultraviolet (UV), especially UVB (280～320 nm) reaching the Earth’s surface, giving profound impacts on the ecosystems of the Earth. This paper reviewed the recent studies about the effects of elevated solar UV-B radiation on insects, analyzed the direct and indirect effects of this radiation on herbivorous insects and their mechanisms, and discussed the related issues to be further approached.

Annual plant species in arid and semi-arid desert regions: A review

LI Xuehua^1,2; LI Xiaolan^1,2;JIANG Deming¹;LIU Zhimin¹;YU Qinghe³

2006, 25(07):  851-856 . 

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Annual plant species are the main component of the vegetation in arid and semi-arid desert regions, with their unique traits as the good candidates for the study of many key bio-ecological issues. In this paper, their seed germination strategy, seedling adaptation mechanism to environment, seed dispersal, and soil seed bank were summarized, and the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the composition and dynamics of annual plant species populations and communities were discussed. Because of their important ecological functions in desert floral systems, the study of annual plant species would benefit to the conservation and restoration of desert ecosystem, rational utilization of resources, and sustainable development of desert regions.

Research theories and methods of urban green space at abroad

WANG Baozhong1, WANG Caixia2, LI Mingyang3, SONG Funan4, HE P ing2, WANG Baoming2, SHI Mingwang1, QIU Hui2

2006, 25(07):  857-862 . 

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This paper summarized the latest 10 years research advances in urban green space at abroad, including urban green space effects, green space aesthetics, vertical greening, plants landscaping, landscape ecology, information technology application, urban forestry, vegetation cultivation, and green space planning and design. The development trend of urban green space research in the future was pointed out.

Effects of habitat fragmentation on gene flow among animal populations and their measuring methods

CHENG Hongyi;BAO Yixin;GE Baoming;ZHENG Xiang;HU Yizhong

2006, 25(07):  863-868 . 

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Habitat fragmentation is defined as the breaking up of a habitat, ecosystem, or land-use type, which were distributed continuously but now become separate fragments under the disturbance of human beings and nature. This fragmentation is the main factor resulting in biodiversity loss and species extinction and threatening the existence of living creatures, and influences the gene flow among and within animal populations. Therefore, to study habitat fragmentation is of significance in keeping species genetic diversity. This paper introduced the measuring methods of fragmented degree and gene flow, summarized the research advances in these fields, and discussed the influences of fragmentation on gene flow among animal populations and the significance for the protection of species in danger.

Application of projection pursuit model in regional ecoenvironment quality assessment

WANG Shunjiu;LI Yueqing

2006, 25(07):  869-872 . 

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One of the difficulties frequently encountered in eco-environment quality assessment is that not one but all the affecting factors associated with eco-environment quality must be used. To overcome this issue, the principle of projection pursuit was introduced, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model that can realize the transition from high dimension to one-dimension was stated in this paper. As an application example, the eco-environment quality assessment of Chaohu Basin in Anhui Province was presented. The eco-environment quality of total Chaohu Basin area, Hefei City and Liu’an City were of grade 3, and that of Chaohu City was of grade 4. The results suggested that PPC model was reasonable and more objective, which could be a powerful tool in complex multifactor analyzing, and a new method for eco-environment quality assessment.