Table of Content

10 October 2006, Volume 25 Issue 10

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Articles

Diurnal change of Phalaris arundinacea photosynthetic characteristics and its relations with environmental factors

LI Pingping¹; CHEN Xin¹; FU Weiguo²; WU Yanyou¹; WU Chundu¹

2006, 25(10):  1157-1160 . 

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The study on the photosynthetic characteristics of Phalaris arundinacea, the dominant plant in Beigu Mountain wetland, showed that on sunny days in spring and summer, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of P. arundinacea had a diurnal change with two peaks, exhibiting an obviously phenomena of midday depression, while on cloudy days, the P_n was mainly affected by light intensity.The P_n was positively correlated with photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and stomatal conductance (G_s), while negatively correlated with intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i). The light-response curve of P. arundinacea could be quantitatively simulated by quadratic equation, with the obtained light compensation point being 38.572 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and light saturation point being 2 087.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.

Eco-physiological characteristics of wheat leaf photosynthesis and their responses to environmental factors in semiarid rain-fed region

WANG Runyuan^1,2; YANG Xingguo^1,2; ZHAO Hong^1,2; LIU Hongyi^1,2

2006, 25(10):  1161-1166 . 

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This paper analyzed the eco-physiological characteristics of spring wheat leaf photosynthesis in the semiarid rain-fed agriculture region of Loess Plateau, and their responses to the environmental factors. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of spring wheat leaf had a diurnal change of typical two-hump curve, which was obviously higher before noon than after noon, and with a noon break. The appearing time of maximum P_n differed with growth stages. The transpiration rate (T_r) had a diurnal change of weak two-hump curve, and the appearing time of its maximum was later than that of maximum P_n. The P_n, T_r, and stomatal conductance (G_s) were affected by a combination of various environmental factors, with the dominant factor being different at different period, and even, the same factor having different effects on P_n, T_r and G_s. Among the affecting factors,photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) had the most intensive effect on T_r, and a close relation with P_n and T_r in the whole growth period. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on P_n was larger than that of temperature. Among P_n,T_r and G_s, the last two were the eco-physiological indexes most obviously affected by environmental factors.

Effects of early stage shading on function leaf growth at grain-filling stage and on grain quality of rice

LIU Qihua¹; LI Tian¹;ZHANG Jianjun²

2006, 25(10):  1167-1172 . 

Asbtract ( 2052 )  

Employing two rice varieties with different amylose content as test materials, this paper studied the effects of early stage (from transplanting to spikelet differentiation) shading on the function leaf growth at grain-filling stage and on the grain quality of rice. The results showed that early stage shading obviously increased flag leaf area, and promoted the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of function leaves. The shading effects on amylose accumulation varied with varieties, but those on protein accumulation were the same (a marked decrement of protein content). The brown rice rate declined but did not reach significant level, milled rice and chalky rate decreased extremely significantly, head rice rate and amylose content increased significantly or extremely significantly, while grain length and width and protein content did not have significant changes.

Dynamics of Aphis gossypii and its predatory natural enemies in organic agricultural cotton filed

WU Wenyue^1,2; LV Zhaozhi^2,3;WANG Dengyuan¹; ZHANG Jianxin³;YAN Shaozhou¹

2006, 25(10):  1173-1176 . 

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In this paper, the numbers of Aphis gossypii and its predatory insects in organic agricultural and conventional cotton fields were estimated in June-August 2005. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the dynamics of A. gossypii and its predator populations between organic agricultural and conventional cotton fields. In organic agricultural cotton field, the individuals of the aphid, adult and larval ladybird, adult and larval lacewing, hoverfly,and spider were 3.17, 2.22, 2.70, 0.33, 2.00, 1.89, and 2.47 times higher than those in conventional cotton field, respectively. It was suggested that in the production of organic agricultural cotton, spraying plant source pesticides could be helpful to suppress A. gossypii in organic agricultural cotton fields.

Interspecific relationships in Salix shrub community on alpine grassland of east Qilian Mountains

WANG Zhitai¹;BAO Yu¹; LI Yi²

2006, 25(10):  1177-1180 . 

Asbtract ( 2092 )  

The study by using associate coefficient and simultaneous emergence percentage showed that on the alpine grassland of east Qilian Mountains, the interspecific relationships in Salix shrub community could be classified into three kinds,i.e., 1) positive association, which was shown from the relationships between the couples of all plant species except those between S. myrtillacea and S. cupularis, and Dasiphora fruticosa and Spiraea alpina at the altitudes of 3 050, 3 100, 3 200 and 3 250 m, and S. ortrepha and Rhododendron capitatum at the altitudes of 3 300, 3 350 and 3 450 m, 2) negative association, which was shown from the relationships between D. fruticosa and S. rehderiana at 3 100 m, D. fruticsa and S. myrtillacea as well as D. fruticsa and S. myrtillacea at 3 150 m, and S. ortrepha and S. cupularis as well as S. rehderiana and R. capitatum at 3 450 m, and 3) neutral association, which was shown from the relationships between the couples of all plant species except those between S. myrtillacea and S. cupularis at 3 050 m, R. capitatum and other shrub plants from 3 100 to 3 250 m, and S. alpina and R.capitatum at 3 400 m.

Amino acid digestibility of conventional plant feedstuffs for pigs

FANG Rejun^1,2; LI Lili¹; ZHANG Bin²; YIN Yulong¹

2006, 25(10):  1181-1185 . 

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To determine the amino acid digestibility of oil-extracted soybean, cotton and rape seeds, as well as that of rice grain, corn, rough rice bran, and defatted rice bran fed to pigs, a total of eight crossbred boars with an average initial weight of 27.2 kg±2.3 kg were equipped with simple T-shape cannula in their ileum, randomly divided into two groups, and fed with the same basal diet of soybean corn starch. The results showed that the average apparent amino acid digestibility of tested feedstuffs was basically in accordance with that of recently published data and China Feed Database. The apparent ileal amino acid digestibility was lower than the apparent fecal amino acid digestibility by 5%-8%, and the apparent amino acid digestibility of rice grain was 5% lower than that of corn. In rice-producing region, it’s more benefit to replace rice grain with rough rice bran and defatted rice bran to feed pigs.

Relationships between chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaf and soil organic matter content in Hunan Province of China

XU Zicheng¹; WANG Lin¹; WANG Jinping²; XIAO Hanqian³

2006, 25(10):  1186-1190 . 

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With the flue-cured tobacco and soil samples from the Hunan tobacco-growing areas as test materials, this paper studied the relationships between the chemical components in flue-cured tobacco leaf and the content of soil organic matter. The results indicated that in Hunan tobacco-growing areas, soil organic matter content was generally high, with a mean of 39.06 g·kg^-1±11.90 g·kg^-1. The total N and K contents in flue-cured tobacco leaf were relatively high, while the nicotine, total sugar, chlorine, and reducing sugar contents were appropriate. The relationships between the nicotine content in flue-cured tobacco leaf and the organic matter content in soil could be described by linear-flat model, with the turning point at flat stage being 36.25 g·kg^-1 of soil organic matter content, and 3.00% of nicotine content. The nitrate and nitrite contents in tobacco leaf increased with increasing soil organic matter content, while the content of petroleum ether extract seemed to show a decreasing trend. After grouping the soil organic matter contents and by using multiple comparison method, significant differences at 0.05 level were found in the contents of nicotine, total N, nitrate, nitrite, petroleum ether extract, potassium and chlorine, and the ratios of nitrogen to nicotine, reducing sugar to nicotine, and potassium to chlorine in flue-cured tobacco leaf among the groups, but no significant differences were observed in the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar.

Effects of mowing frequency on soil microbial quantity and plant underground biomass in Leymus chinensis steppe

SHAO Yuqin; ZHAO Ji;LIU Zhongling;ZHANG Haijun; BAOYIN Taogetao

2006, 25(10):  1191-1195 . 

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The study showed that through 17 years of mowing, the soil microbial quantity and underground plant biomass in the Xilinguole Leymus chinensis steppe of Inner Mongolia were decreased with increasing mowing frequency. Based on the variation of soil microbial quantity and underground plant biomass under effects of mowing frequency, it was suggested that one year cutting and one year no cutting,or two years’ cutting and one year no cutting would be the more reasonable mowing frequency, while fencing too many years would not only lead to the waste of pasture resources, but also weaken the effects of soil microbes on soil nutrients transformation.

Bacterioplankton diversity in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in winter

WU Xin;XI Wanyan;YANG Hong

2006, 25(10):  1196-1200 . 

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In this paper, the bacterioplankton diversity in the water body of Meiliang Bay in March, 2004 was studied by using the techniques of molecular biology, including the extraction of bacterial DNA, PCR amplification of bacterial 16S rDNA by universal primers, molecular clone, RFLP analysis, sequencing of 16S rDNA fragments, and sequence analysis. The clone library aimed at 16S rDNA and the phylogenetic tree were constructed. The analysis of sequencing results based on 16S rDNA indicated that the dominant bacterial groups were Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) plylum (44.3%), β-Proteobacteria (25.3%), and γ-Proteobacteria (27.8%), and most of the bacteria were closely related to genera Flavobacterium, Pseudomona and Acidovorax. Compared with the eutrophicated lakes abroad, Tailu Lake, the heavily eutrophicated lake in China, had the unique characteristic of γ-Proteobacteria population dominated in winter.

Effects of thinning on species diversity and composition of understory herbs in a larch plantation

MAO Zhihong^1,2;ZHU Jiaojun¹; LIU Zugen^1,2; TAN Hui^1,2;CAO Bo³

2006, 25(10):  1201-1207 . 

Asbtract ( 1973 )  

The study showed that there was a difference in the species diversity of understory herbs between thinned and un-thinned stands. All of the diversity indices except evenness had higher values in thinned than in unthinned stands, suggesting that the diversity of herb layer was increased after thinning. According to the changes of herb density and the appearance or not of a species, all of the herb species were classified into three types, i . e . ,positive, neutral, and negative, which referred to a species newly appeared and having an obviously increased density after thinning, with no or no obvious changes in its appearance and density after thinning, and disappeared and having an obviously decreased density after thinning, respectively. Many new species were found in thinned stands, and most species found in both thinned and unthinned stands were negative species. In all 9 sub-plots, there were 11 mutual species found in spring and 10 mutual species in autumm, accounted for 17.74% and 15.15% of all the species in thinned stand, respectively . All of the diversity indices had the highest values in middle sub-plots, and most of them showed a consistent trend,i . e . , reduced from middle to side sub-plots. There was a definite correlation between most of the three types of species and light condition, which was similar in the two stands.

Spatial variation characteristics of soil fertility in typical basin of arid area

MA Yuan; GONG Xinmei;Tashpolat Tiyip;LV Guanghui

2006, 25(10):  1208-1213 . 

Asbtract ( 1874 )  

Taking the Sangong River basin in Fukang County of Xinjiang as an example, this paper studied the characteristics of soil fertility at different sampling sites,and analyzed its spatial heterogeneity and pattern with the help of geostatistics and geographic information system. The results showed that the variation coefficients of major soil fertility indexes ranged from 5.00% to 66.77%, with an approximately normal distribution and characterized as space variation structure. Soil organic matter and total N had a similar spatial variation tendency, and a significant correlation. Soil available P and K also had a similar spatial pattern. The soil spatial pattern was deeply affected by human activities.

Effects of spatial extent in gradient analysis of Shanghai City landscape pattern

ZHU Ming¹; XU Jiangang²; LI Jianlong¹; XU Sheng³; SONG Lianggang¹

2006, 25(10):  1214-1217 . 

Asbtract ( 2092 )  

Scale is the key issue in landscape pattern analysis, and also, in landscape ecology. Based on the land use dataset of 2002, and combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, this paper analyzed the urban landscape of Shanghai, aimed to investigate the effects of spatial extent in analyzing urban landscape pattern. The results showed that landscape metrics had different variation patterns with the variation of spatial extent, i. e . ,varied smoothly and regularly along the land use transect when the extent was large, while fluctuated irregularly when the extent was small. The percent coverage, patch density, and landscape shape index showed significant gradient characteristics, while the largest patch index, mean patch fractal dimension, Shannon’s diversity index, and contagion were in adverse. It was suggested that a spatial extent of 5 km might be more appropriate for urban landscape pattern analysis.

Fractal of land cover in Kaifeng City based on RS and GIS

ZHAO Yamin;TIAN Guohang;HE Ruizhen;DANG Yunkuan

2006, 25(10):  1218-1222 . 

Asbtract ( 1882 )  

With the application of RS and GIS techniques, as well as the QuickBird images with spatial resolution of 0.61 m, fractal theory was employed to study the relationships between the area effect of patches and the fractal of land cover in Kaifeng City, and the prominence of the difference of fragmentation distribution was analyzed. The results showed that shelterbelt and farmland occupied larger area and had larger fractal dimension, while the fractal dimension of water body was smaller, indicating that the patch structure of shelterbelt and farmland was more complex than that of water body. The fractal dimension of patch was scale dependent. The same type of medium and large patches always had larger fractal dimension, because inlaid patches often existed in these patches but rarely in the smaller one.

Urban sprawl and its intrinsic characteristics of cantonal Suzhou from 1984 to 2003

LI Guilin^1,2;ZHOU Feng^1,2; CHEN Jie¹

2006, 25(10):  1223-1228 . 

Asbtract ( 2080 )  

By using Landsat TM images and socio-economical data, the dynamics of urban sprawl in Suzhou City from 1984 to 2003 was investigated, and analyzed from multi-disciplinary viewpoint. The results showed that with the rapid urbanization and industrialization, an overwhelming consumption of urbanused land from non-agricultural land was happening everywhere in the study area. In the past 20 years (1984 to 2003), the urban-used land had grown about 2.9 times, from 10 200 hm² in 1984 to 29 200 hm² in 2003. Temporally, urban-used land had a marked increasing intensity, while spatially, it expressed as the sequence of urban > town> village. The land consumption per capita in urban area (including urban and town) was lesser than that in village, indicating that in the Yangtze Delta, the most urbanized area in China, and at least in Suzhou or in other cities with the similar economic patterns to Suzhou in the Southeast China, further urbanization would help to weaken the conflict between urbanization and food security intrigued by the decrease of farmland.

Landscape visualization of Zagunao watershed in upper reaches of Minjiang River

CHANG Yu¹; HE Xingyuan¹; Ian D. Bishop²; MENG Zhitao³

2006, 25(10):  1229-1233 . 

Asbtract ( 1909 )  

Based on the detailed spatial data of DEM and landscape type map, a preliminary study on the landscape visualization of Zagunao watershed in the upper reaches of Minjiang River was conducted by using Visual Nature Studio (VNS) 2.0. The obtained results could realistically reveal the main landscape types including forestland, shrub land, orchard, grassland and farmland, suggesting that landscape visualization could be a new and useful tool for the management of watersheds. The development trends of landscape visualization research were illustrated, which was of significance in the related researches in China.

Ecological function and restoration measures of oyster reef in estuaries

QUAN Weimin; SHEN Xinqiang; LUO Minbo; CHEN Yaqu

2006, 25(10):  1234-1239 . 

Asbtract ( 2399 )  

In many temperate estuaries, oyster reef is a very special marine habitat which plays many important ecological functions such as purifying water body, providing aquatic animals’ habitat, protecting biodiversity, and coupling ecosystem energy flow. In last century, as the results of over-fishing, environmental pollution, disease, and habitat destruction, the oyster population in many temperate estuaries had a persistent decrease, which led to the destruction of estuarine ecosystem and the serious eutrophication in estuaries. To restore estuarine ecosystem, purify water quality, and promote sustainable fisheries, a series of oyster reef restoration activities were developed in many estuaries in the past two decades. Especially in the eastern coast and Mexico gulf of USA, lots of artificial oyster reefs were built, and many studies revealed that the established artificial oyster reefs could restore the ecological function of natural habitat after 2-3 years. This paper introduced the first oyster releasing and breeding engineering in China, i . e . , the oyster reef in the southern and northern dams of Yangtze River estuary. The recent two years monitoring results showed that the oyster population on the oyster reef increased promptly, and the ecosystem was being restored gradually. There are many scientific issues needed be studied in the future, including the basic biology (diseases and molecular systematic evolution),key techniques, scientific procedure, and success criteria of oyster reef restoration.

Present situation of alien plants invasion and its risk assessment system in Xiamen City

OU Jian¹;LU Changyi^1,2

2006, 25(10):  1240-1244 . 

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Based on the field survey of alien plant invasion and the consultation of related literatures and specialists, a list of invaded and potential alien plants in Xiamen City was compiled, and the causes of alien plant invasion in this city were analyzed from the aspects of climate, soil, vegetation community structure, geographical characteristic, natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and transportation, etc . Based on the previous researches in bio-invasion risk assessment, and aiming at the present situation in Xiamen, a risk assessment system for alien plants invasion was established, which consisted of three parts, i . e . , probability of migration and establishment, hazard and impact, and prevention and control, and included 6 primary indexes and 17 secondary indexes.

Circular economy, an apodictic choice for promoting Chinese economy in the 21st century

WU Zhijie;ZHANG Lili

2006, 25(10):  1245-1251 . 

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Circular economy is a new kind of economic development model with the combination of economic and environmental profits, and an important artifice to ensure the sustainable development of national economy. It has profound economic and ecological bases, being the fittest economic development model for ecological society, and its development has important realistic meanings. Greater achievements in developing circular economy have been gained in the developed countries. This paper introduced the basic theories of circular economy, discussed its significance, development status, and existing problems in China, put forward the countermeasures for actualizing circular economy in this country, and indicated that circular economy is the apodictic choice for promoting Chinese economy in the 21^st century.

Biomass distribution and its functioning of forest understory vegetation

YANG Kun; GUAN Dongsheng

2006, 25(10):  1252-1256 . 

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Understory vegetation is one of the main components of forest ecosystem. To understand the characteristics of understory biomass and its ecological effects is of significance in studying the structure and function of forest ecosystem. This paper summarized the relationships of the distribution of understory biomass with forest type, forest age class, and stand characteristics, and discussed the main roles of understory vegetation in maintaining nutrients recycling, preventing soil erosion, indicating forest environment change, affecting forest ecophysiological characteristics and succession, protecting animals inhabit, and keeping ecological balance.

Application of PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-GGE) in environmental microbial ecology

SHAN Guobin^1,2; JIN Wenbiao³; LIN Jikan^1,4; XING Xinhui²

2006, 25(10):  1257-1264 . 

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PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) has the advantages of high reliability, good repetition and easy operation, and been widely used in environmental ecology to analyze the diversity and dynamics of microbial communities, and to monitor functional bacteria. This paper introduced the principles and methods of PCR-DGGE, reviewed its application in environmental ecological study , and analyzed its potential application prospects and limitations.

Effects of enhanced UVB radiation on plant sugar metabolism

LI Yuan; ZHANG Cuiping;ZU Yanqun

2006, 25(10):  1265-1268 . 

Asbtract ( 1963 )  

This paper summarized the research progress about the effects of UV-B radiation on the sugar content in plant leaf, stem, root, fruit, and grain. Some critical reactions and enzymes relevant to plant sugar metabolism were analyzed, and the possible mechanisms of the effects of UV-B on them were demonstrated from the aspects of photosynthetic carbon fixation, and sugar synthesis and decomposition. Further research directions in this field were prospected.

Response mechanism of plant enzymatic system to UV-B radiation

GU Jin¹;CHEN Zongyu²; ZI Xianneng³;LUO Liqiong¹

2006, 25(10):  1269-1274 . 

Asbtract ( 2058 )  

UV-B radiation is one of the environmental factors affecting the growth and development of plants. Plants are inevitable to subject to UV-B radiation when they accept energy and illumination from the sun, and formed a protective system in the long-term process of adaptation. In the protective system, enzymatic system is an important part. This paper discussed the effects of UV-B radiation on the activity of this enzymatic system, with the focus on the response mechanism of plant enzymatic system, and the relationships between this enzymatic system and signaling molecules. Some issues worthy to be further studied in this field were put forward.

Action and mechanisms of organic acids in higher plants resisting to metals

SUN Ruilian^1,2; ZHOU Qixing^1,3

2006, 25(10):  1275-1279 . 

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The resistance of plants to metals includes avoidance and tolerance, while the organic acids with chelating ability in plants play an important role in the detoxification of metals both externally and internally. In the external metal detoxification, plant roots excrete organic acids into rhizosphere, and the metal pollutants are detained outside the roots by the formation of metal organic acid complex. In the internal metal detoxification, the metal pollutants in cytosol are chelated with the organic acids, and their toxicity is reduced. The formed organic acids in plants are differed with plant species and metal pollutants.

Niche concept and its application in insect ecology

WANG Feng^1,2; JU Ruiting¹;LI Yuezhong¹; DU Yuzhou²

2006, 25(10):  1280-1284 . 

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Niche theory is one of the important contents in modern ecology. In its century’s development history, the most representative concepts were spatial niche, functional niche, and n-dimensional hyper-volume niche. Niche breadth and niche overlap were the two most important indexes in describing intra- and inter-specific relations. This paper summarized the development of niche concept, and its primary metrics application situation in insect ecology. Some comments were put forward on the application of niche concept in Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and the problems and application prospects of niche theory in insect ecology were analyzed. The rational use of niche theory could provide theoretic guidance in establishing effective IPM strategy and approaching population formation mechanism of alien invasive pests.

Effects of light intensity and nitrogen application rate on the growth and competition of wheat weeds Veronica agrestis and Chorispora tenella

YIN Lichu;ZHANG Yangzhu; ZHOU Weijun

2006, 25(10):  1285-1288 . 

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The pot trials showed that low light intensity decreased the growth of wheat weeds Veronica agrestis and Chorispora tenella, but high nitrogen application rate could make V. agrestis develop more leaves to adapt the weak light condition. Nitrogen application benefited the growth of V. agrestis under high or low light intensity, but had no significant effect on the growth of C. tenella under low light intensity. V. agrestis had a stronger competitive ability than C. tenella when the two weeds grew together on the soil rich in P and K, and the competitive predominance of V. agrestis could not be changed by light intensity and nitrogen application rate.

Hibernation of Rana limnocharis in Shanghai farmland

WANG Jinglin; XUE Wenjie; LI Naibing; WANG Xiaoli; JIANG Hairui;XU Hongfa

2006, 25(10):  1289-1291 . 

Asbtract ( 2021 )  

An investigation in the wintertime of 2004-2005 showed that in Shanghai farmland, the underground burrows of ridges, footpaths, and ditch banks were the main hibernation sites of Rana limnocharis. More than 62.2% of the frogs hibernated with other individuals, and the frogs, with 2-6 in a burrow, shared 34.0% of the burrows. 86.6% of wintering frogs were sub-adults. R. limnocharis mainly used the existing burrows to hibernate.

Tin-tagging method, a powerful method for tracking seeds dispersed by rodents

XIAO Zhishu;ZHANG Zhibin

2006, 25(10):  1292-1295 . 

Asbtract ( 2040 )  

Tin-tagging method is one of the most powerful methods to track the seeds removed, cached and dispersed by seed-caching rodents, which can easily determine where each seed comes from and the fate of the seed, making the quantitative study of seed dispersal and its fate more effective and accurate. This paper briefly introduced its managing procedures, including material selection and preparation, field operation, and some notices during operation.

Analysis on the rationality and scientificity of “ecological environment”

ZHANG Linbo^1,2; SHU Jianmin²; WANG Wei²; AN Da²

2006, 25(10):  1296-1300 . 

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“Ecological environment” is a Chinese style term, and has been widely used in Chinese publications. Recently, a warm academic argument is being launched for whether the term is scientific or not. Based on literature review, this paper summarized the positive and negative viewpoints of the argument, and from the aspects of the concepts of “ecology” and “environment”, discipline develop-ment, and philologic development, analyzed the rationality and scientificity of “ecological environment”, and some misunderstandings in the argument.