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Research progress on Pseudanabaenasp. and its metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB). PANG Yi-ming, CHEN Shu-hua, XU Hang-zhou, LI Yi-zhen, PEI Hai-yan Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1530-1548.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.002 Abstract （1178）      PDF（pc） （2796KB）（244）       Knowledge map    Save Due to global warming and eutrophication, Pseudanabaena sp. has become the main dominant species of cyanobacterial blooms in many water bodies around the world. During the growth of Pseudanabaenasp., a large amount of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is produced, which severely degrades the aquatic environment and threatens the safety of drinking water. Here, we provide an up-to-date review ofPseudanabaenasp., including its taxonomic rank, morphological features, global distribution, growth and physiological characteristics, as well as the production and removal of its metabolite 2-MIB. Pseudanabaenasp. could adapt to a wide range of temperature, pH and phosphorus concentration, which may explain its wide distribution in the world and its dominant status in many water bodies. In addition, we introduced the synthesis of 2-MIB in Pseudanabaenasp. and pointed out the controversy on the relationship between the growth of Pseudanabaenasp. and its production of 2-MIB. We also compared the removal efficiency of Pseudanabaenasp. and 2-MIB resulted from different drinking water treatments, and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of current technologies. Based on the current state of Pseudanabaena sp. research, we proposed the potential advancement of basic science research and technical development in this field. This review provides reference for future studies on the effective control and removal of Pseudanabaenasp. and 2-MIB. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Formation mechanisms of iron-manganese nodules in soils from high geological background area of central Guangxi. JI Wen-bing, YANG Zhong-fang, YIN Ai-jing, LU Yuan-yuan, YING Rong-rong, YANG Qiong, LIU Xu, LI Bo, DUAN Yi-ren, WANG Jue, WANG Yi-zheng, YU Tao, WU Tian-sheng, ZHANG Qi-zuan Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (8): 2302-2314.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202108.006 Abstract （859）      PDF（pc） （10810KB）（236）       Knowledge map    Save Iron-manganese nodules are widely distributed in karst soil with high geological background, the content of which is much higher than that in nonkarst soils. To better understand the formation mechanism of iron-manganese nodules in karst soil, the nodules in the soil (0-20 cm) of central area of Guangxi were collected. The formation process of iron-manganese nodules in the soil of high geological background area was examined via the optical microscope (OP), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and energy spectrum analysis (EDS), combined with the complex soil forming process in karst area. The results showed that there were two kinds of nodules in the karst soil, i.e., iron nodules and manganese nodules. Generally, the nodules were sub-circular to elliptical in shape, and the particle size ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 mm. There were two kinds of iron-manganese nodules, with or without banded structure. Manganese nodules were mainly composed of iron oxides and manganese oxides, while iron oxides were mainly distributed in iron nodules. Based on those findings and the process of karst soil formation, the formation process of iron and manganese nodules in high geological background soil is summarized: (1) in the process of soil formation in karst area, iron and manganese were aggregated in different levels, which provides rich material sources for the formation of nodules; (2) the seasonal dry-wet cycling climate conditions led to the alternation precipitation of iron and manganese, which enhanced the formation of nodules; (3) the micropore structure in the nodules can provide space for microbial activities and channels for material flow, the special climate and environmental conditions rich in organic matters and microorganisms accelerate the formation of iron-manganese nodules, and eventually form iron-manganese nodules that are widely deve loped in karst soils. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The application of structural equation modeling in ecology based on R. SHI Ya-Fei, SHI Shan-Heng, HUANG Xiao-Min Chinese Journal of Ecology    2022, 41 (5): 1015-1023.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202203.016 Abstract （715）      PDF（pc） （2621KB）（890）       Knowledge map    Save Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a major approach for analyzing ecological data. Differing from other multivariate statistical methods, SEM is mainly driven by assumptions and could quantify both direct and indirect causal relationships among multi-variables. Since the introduction of SEM into the field of ecology in China is relatively short, scientists encounter many problems when using SEM, with various mistakes. Therefore, we elaborated principles, processes, evaluation and modification of SEM in this review. With a case study, we introduced the usage of two major R packages for SEM, i.e. lavaan and piecewiseSEM. Concretely, lavaancan perform SEM with latent variables, while piecewiseSEM can incorporate nonindependent observations, and handle response variables with residuals not satisfying multivariate normal distribution. This review can help researchers understand and use SEM correctly and accurately, and promote the usage of SEM in ecology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dust retention capacity and dust particle size of 20 commonly used greening tree species. YAN Qian, XU Li-shuai, DUAN Yong-hong, PAN Li-chao, LIU Li-wen, YANG Yu-ying Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (10): 3259-3267.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202110.027 Abstract （673）      PDF（pc） （1910KB）（91）       Knowledge map    Save Based on analyses of leaf surface dust retention and retained dust particle size of 20 commonly used greening tree species in natural environment, and comparison with atmospheric dust, we analyzed the difference in dust retention capacity and particle size of different species, and examined the effects of leaf morphology and leaf surface microstructure on the mechanical composition of retained dust. There were significant differences in dust retention capacities of the 20 species. Euonymus japonicus showed the highest dust retention capacity of 1.75 g·m-2, while Viburnum opulus subsp. calvescens showed the lowest value of 0.40 g·m-2, being 4.4 times less than that of E. japonicus. The distribution curves of particle size of retained dust on leaf surfaces of 20 species were classified into three categories: two-peak distribution, three-peak distribution, and four-peak distribution. The particle size of atmospheric dust in the same period showed a three-peak distribution. The difference in particle size between atmospheric dust and retained dust by the 20 tree species indicates that leaves had a selective retention effect on atmospheric dust. The leaves of different tree species had different retention capacities for particles of differentsizes, and the volumetric content of PM>10 from foliage dust was the largest. The blades with grooves were more conducive to the retention of PM2.5, while the leaves with protruding structures were more conducive to the retention of PM>10. Blades with rough microstructures, such as fluff, grooves, and protrusions, had strong dust retention capacity. Our results can guide the selection of suitable greening tree species for different pollution sources, alleviating air pollution, and improving air quality. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research advances in carbon use efficiency  at multiple scales. DI Yang-ping, ZENG Hui, ZHANG Yang-jian, CHEN Ning, CONG Nan Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (6): 1849-1860.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202106.012 Abstract （653）      PDF（pc） （1302KB）（222）       Knowledge map    Save Carbon use efficiency (CUE) is defined as the proportion of carbon (C) received from the environment that is used for growth. As one of the key indicators for the ability of biological carbon sequestration, it is widely implemented in the carbon cycle and process-based models. Research on CUE is carried out by various methods at multiple scales. However, the results of different methods vary greatly because of the scale-dependence of CUE, which makes the results difficult to integrate, becoming a vital factor restricting the research methods and application of CUE. In this review, we classified the common CUE acquisition methods into plot-scale, ecosystem-scale, landscape & regional scale and continental & global scale. We summarized the characteristics, advantages and limitations of each method. The progress of CUE application in research is reviewed at each scale. It is found that CUE is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, which control CUE at different spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, the value of CUE varies with methods and scales applied in study. In order to deepen the understanding of CUE, future research should comprehensively consider the interactive effects of biological and environmental factors, improve the accuracy of data measurement, and promote model optimization by integrating multi-scale results. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Views on distinguishing the concepts of rangeland and grassland and proposing proper use of their terminology. DONG Shi-kui Chinese Journal of Ecology    2022, 41 (5): 992-1000.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202205.001 Abstract （538）      PDF（pc） （834KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save Rangeland and grassland are two key terms used in multiple disciplines and departments. However, there are confusion, overlap and crisscross in the use of these two terms due to their chaotic connotation and denotation defined by various disciplines and departments. In order to clarify the connotation and denotation of rangeland and grassland in different contexts of disciplines and departments, and to enhance their proper use in practice, I collected diverse and rich references and information in rangeland and grassland terminology, summarized the connotation and denotation of rangeland and grassland defined in various countries and disciplines, clarified the terminology changes of rangeland and grassland across different time and disciplines. Finally, I proposed proper use of those two terms to mitigate the confusion, overlap and crisscross and to provide a scientific basis for rational protection and utilization of grassland resource and ecosystems. The conclusions are based on the comprehensive analysis. There are broad and narrow definitions of rangeland and grassland. The broad definitions are derived from the international subjects of agriculture and vegetation as well as national subjects of agriculture and law, in which rangeland and grassland can be regarded as the synonym referring to the landbiology resources with multiple functions and production base for pratacultural industry, where herbaceous species dominate the vegetation with some shrubs and sparse trees used as the habitats or foods for livestock and wildlife, as well as good living environments and biological products for the human beings. These terms have been generally used as “rangeland” or “grassland” in the official documents of forestry, grassland, and agriculture departments, foreign and domestic literatures, textbooks, courses, etc. The narrow definitions are derived from the national subjects of vegetation science and land types. In the subject of vegetation science, it is defined as the zonal vegetation distributed in semiarid and semihumid areas with the perennial xerophytes as dominant plants (occasionally with some small subshrubs) in the community. The term is normally applied for vegetation classification and should be generally used as “steppe or grassland vegetation” (e.g., temperate grassland vegetation or steppe vegetation). In the subject of land types, it is defined as one of the land use types, dominated by herbaceous species. This term is normally used for land use classification by land resource (natural resources) department and should be generally used as “land type of grassland”. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Climatic suitability regionalization of Camellia oleifera Abel. in China. WU Ding-rong, WANG Pei-juan, HUO Zhi-guo, YUAN Xiao-kang, JIANG Hui-fei, YANG Jian-ying, MA Yu-ping, GUO Shui-lian Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1313-1323.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.019 Abstract （494）      PDF（pc） （3074KB）（258）       Knowledge map    Save Development of oil-tea camellia industry can effectively increase farmers’ incomes, promote precise alleviation of poverty, and improve ecological environment. A national-scale climate suitability regionalization of oil-tea camellia could provide a scientific basis for the development of the oiltea camellia industry. The objective of this study was to determine the main production regions of Camellia oleifera Abel., a species with the largest planting area and total production in China. Values of key climate factors were calculated for the main planting regions (i.e., counties and cities with more than 6667 hm2 of actual planted area), including mean annual temperature, mean temperatures in January and July, annual precipitation, and sunshine hours. Based on those variables, the regional climatic planting suitability was tested using an improved climate similarity distance method on a national 1 km×1 km grid. Results showed that the most suitable area for C. oleifera production was 98×104 km2 that was mainly located in Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces and the neighboring areas. Areas that were classified as suitable and sub-suitable levels were 52×104 km2 and 80×104 km2, respectively, which were located on the periphery of the most suitable area. The north and west boundaries of the subsuitable area were about 33.5°N and 111.5°E, respectively. There were no clear southern and eastern boundaries. Hunan Province had the largest most suitable area, followed by Jiangxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. These areas accounted for about 70% of the total production area in China. Compared with the actual planting area recorded in multiple sources, this regionalization well represented the actual distribution of C. oleifera. Compared with the climatic characteristics of the main production areas, this regionalization accurately distinguished the climatic characteristics of the most suitable, suitable and subsuitable areas for C. oleifera production. Through identifying the distributions of the climate suitable regions for C. oleifera production, our results provide scientific support for the planning and development of the camellia industry. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Variation of cool island effect for urban forest patches across an urban-rural gradient in Shanghai. QIU Kuan-biao, ZHANG Hui, GAO Ji-xi, PEI Wen-ming, ZHANG Biao, WANG Min, WANG Qing Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1409-1418.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.018 Abstract （487）      PDF（pc） （2201KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Save Vegetation is a key factor to mitigate the urban heat island effect because it can form the local cool island. Previous studies focused on the local cooling effect of vegetation and water bodies in urbanized regions. However, few studies have figured out whether such effect would vary along the urbanrural gradient, as well as the relationship between such variations and the geometry characteristics of urban forest patches. In this study, we first retrieved the land surface temperature (LST) and the land use from Landsat 8 TIRS and GF-2 PMS imagery, respectively, and then analyzed the cooling effects of urban forest patches in Shanghai via buffer analysis method. Different urban development zones with various urbanization levels were used to represent the urban-rural gradient. Results showed that LST of the urban forest patches was 0.55 ℃ lower than the mean LST in Shanghai, indicating the role of forest patches as cool island in urban thermal environment during the daytime in summer. However, such effect of forest patches was not consistent along the urban-rural gradient. Strong cooling island effect was found for those in the downtown, with a reduction of LST up to 1.67 ℃. Forest patches did not serve as the cool island in the outskirt, such as in Chongming District. In each region, the area and shape characteristics of forest patches exerted great influences on the cool island effect. The patches with large size and regular shape had stronger cool island effect compared with those with small size and irregular shape. Compared to those in the region with low urbanization level, the small and irregular shape forest patches in the region with high urbanization level were apt to serve as cool islands. These findings can provide scientific support for future urban greening and ecological construction. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Eco-environmental quality assessment and cause analysis of Qilian Mountain National Park based on GEE. ZHANG Hua, SONG Jin-yue, LI Ming, HAN Wu-hong Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (6): 1883-1894.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202106.034 Abstract （479）      PDF（pc） （2948KB）（278）       Knowledge map    Save The ecoenvironment is highly related to human life. Remote sensing technique can objectively and quantitatively evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of ecoenvironment quality and thus provide a scientific basis for regional eco-environment management. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we adopted Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing images as the basic data source to calculate the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) that reflects the ecoenvironment quality. Using RSEI, we evaluated the eco-environmental quality of Qilian Mountain National Park during 1989-2019 and analyzed the reasons. The results showed that RSEI performed well in assessing the eco-environment quality of Qilian Mountain National Park. Greenness and wetness were the two indices with positive effects on the eco-environment quality, while dryness and heat indices had adverse effects. The analysis of spatial and temporal variations in Qilian Mountain National Park showed that the eco-environment quality presented a trend of “slow decline  rapid decline  increase” during 1989-2019. Changes in eco-environment quality were stable from 1989 to 1999, mainly mildly deteriorated from 1999 to 2009, and mainly mildly improved from 2009 to 2019. The analysis of the causes of eco-environment quality showed that the effects of all the four indices were significant. The strength of natural factors in influencing ecoenvironment quality were in order of greenness > dryness > wetness > heat in 1989; heat > greenness > wetness > dryness in 1999; dryness > heat > wetness > greenness in 2009; and greenness > wetness > dryness > heat in 2019. Animal husbandry was an important factor affecting the eco-environment quality of Qilian Mountains National Park. Our results suggested that the GEEbased platform could be used as a computing platform to evaluate the eco-environment quality of Qilian Mountain National Park. This platform extends the application of RSEI in the evaluation of eco-environment quality at large scale and long time series. The eco-environmental quality of Qilian Mountain National Park has developed in the right direction in recent years, although comprehensive management work needs further improvement. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Net primary productivity and carbon sequestration potential of salt marsh vegetation in Chongming Dongtan of the Yangtze Estuary based on CASA model. YUAN Yi-quan, XUE Li-ming, LI Xiu-zhen Chinese Journal of Ecology    2022, 41 (2): 334-342.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202201.025 Abstract （450）      PDF（pc） （2334KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Save Wetland ecosystems have strong carbon storage and sequestration abilities, playing an important role in global carbon cycle. To understand the carbon sequestration capacity of salt marsh wetlands, we estimated net primary productivity based on field investigation and remote sensing in a typical tidal creek system in the southern Chongming Dongtan Wetland. The carbon sequestration potential of salt marsh wetlands under environmental change was also estimated. The results showed that net primary productivity of halophytes exhibited significant temporal and spatial variations. The temporal variations were mainly reflected in the interannual differences and seasonal differences. The total net primary productivity of salt marsh in 2013 and 2017 was 245.70 and 257.75 t C·a-1, respectively, showing a slight increase. The net primary productivity in summer (97.70±69.31 g C m-2·month-1) was significantly higher than that in other seasons (P<0.05). At the spatial scale, net primary productivity decreased with elevation and Phragmites australis cohorts (1079.64±168.34 g C m-2·a-1) had significantly higher net primary productivity than other cover types (P<0.05). In 2017-2018, the carbon sequestration capacity of salt marshes in the study area was lower than the average level of carbon sequestration capacity of terrestrial vegetation in the same area. As the marsh matures gradually, carbon sequestration capacity can be further improved. Under the background of sea level rise, the positive succession of salt marsh vegetation compensates for the organic carbon loss caused by the erosion of salt marsh edge. The total carbon sequestration potential increased by 130.24-250.12 t·a-1. The continuous rise of global temperature and the changes of estuarine environment, such as sea level rise, shoreline erosion, vegetation succession and human disturbance, increase the uncertainty of salt marsh carbon sequestration ability. Prediction of its contribution to carboncycle will provide scientific support for carbon sequestration and increasing carbon sinks. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Wintering behavior and foraging strategies of six wild duck species in Poyang Lake. SHAO Ming-qin, ZENG Jian-hui, HE Wen-yun, ZHI Yi-jin, GONG Hao-lin, YANG Fu-cheng, DAI Nian-hua Chinese Journal of Ecology    2022, 41 (2): 294-299.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202202.005 Abstract （424）      PDF（pc） （454KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save From October 2019 to January 2020 and October 2020 to January 2021, the behaviors of six wild duck species in Poyang Lake were studied using scan-sampling technique and focal sampling method. The results showed that foraging, resting, grooming, and locomotion were the most frequent behaviors. The proportion of time spent foraging compared with resting was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), and Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea). The behavioral patterns of these three species were more foraging and less resting. In the Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) and Eurasian Wigeon (Mareca penelope), the proportion of time spent on resting was significantly higher than that of foraging (P<0.01). The behavioral patterns of these two wild ducks were more resting and less foraging. The Eastern Spot-billed Duck (Anas zonorhyncha) showed no significant difference in the proportion of time spent on foraging to resting (P>0.05), indicating that foraging and resting behavioral patterns were of equal importance for this species. Body size of the six species was not significantly related to the proportion of time spent on foraging (P>0.05) or resting (P>0.05). Time budget was mainly determined by their behavioral patterns. The main foraging method of the Ruddy Shelduck was head and head-neck immersion in water. The other five species used head-neck immersion in water, which may be because their main food supply is under water. The differences in length of heads and necks among the six species resulted in spatial niche separation that decreased their interspecific competition. There was a significant negative correlation between diversity index of foraging patterns and the proportion of locomotion behaviors (r=-0.609, P<0.05) and a positive correlation between the diversity index of foraging patterns and the proportion time spent on foraging (r=0.936, P<0.01). The results showed that wild ducks with more diverse foraging patterns did not need to change their foraging sites frequently, thus reducing the time spent on moving to save energy. The weight of the Green-winged Teal, Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Mallard and Northern Pintail was significantly positively correlated with the duration of head-neck feeding (r=0.999, P<0.01), while was significantly negatively correlated with foraging frequency (r=-1.000, P<0.01). These results indicate that the six duck species have substantial differences in behavioral patterns and that foraging strategies are affected by body size of wild ducks, in that larger ducks adopt the strategy of increasing the feeding duration and smaller ducks adopt the strategy of increasing the frequency of foraging. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ethogram and PAE coding system for Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). WU Tong, LIAN Xin-ming, MIAO Zi-yan, LI Hong-qi, CHEN Jia-ping, WANG Dong, ZHANG Tong-zuo Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1449-1457.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.017 Abstract （412）      PDF（pc） （582KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Save Three key elements of behaviors for Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii, posture, act, and environment (PAE), were recorded in the Kekexili area of Sanjiangyuan National Park and Chang Tang National Nature Reserve from 2017 to 2019. Using the recorded behaviors, we established a PAE coding system for Tibetan antelope, including 12 postures, 79 acts, 10 environmental categories, and 89 behaviors. According to the behavioral functions, those behaviors were divided into 13 categories: ingestion, elimination, thermo-regulation, rutting and estrus, mating, parturition, parental behaviors, conflict, communication, aggregation, resting, locomotion, and miscellaneous. Behaviors varied across season, sex, and age. For example, Tibetan antelope used different behaviors to regulate body temperature and to obtain food and water in different seasons. There were differences in foraging and mating behaviors among male Tibetan antelope with different ages. The occurrence of Tibetan antelope behavior was closely related to their inhabiting environment and physiological condition. In previous studies, the classification of behaviors was largely dependent on body posture, with the potential differences between the function of acts in the same posture being overlooked. The PAE coding system established here could eliminate such uncertainties and provide a robust framework for effectively studying behaviors of Tibetan antelope by accurately recording behavioral functions and conducting long-term population monitoring. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evaluation of the stability of the radial growth of Larix sibirica at different altitudes in response to climate change in Altai Mountains, Xinjiang. XUE Ru-hong, JIAO Liang, LIU Xiao-ping, CHEN Ke Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1275-1284.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.021 Abstract （404）      PDF（pc） （2647KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save The radial growth of trees in high-latitude and high-altitude regions of the northern hemisphere usually shows significant unstable and nonlinear divergent responses to climate change as global warming intensifies. The stability of the response of dominant conifers at different altitudes in the Altai Mountains in Northwestern China to climate change remains unknown. With tree-ring samples of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) collected from high, middle and low altitudes in the middle section of the Altai Mountains, we analyzed the characteristics of three treering width series chronology and the relationship between tree radial growth and climate. The results showed that the radial growth of Siberian larch at high altitude was mainly affected by temperature (including mean temperature, mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures) in April, June, and July. The radial growth of Siberian larch at mid-altitude was mainly affected by mean temperature and mean maximum temperature in May, mean temperature and mean minimum temperatures in June, and precipitation in January and March. However, the radial growth of Siberian larch at low altitude was mainly driven by precipitation in October. In addition, in terms of temporal stability, the limiting effect of temperature on the growth of Siberian larch at high altitude was gradually weakened, while the limiting effect of precipitation on the growth of Siberian larch at middle and low altitudes was increased. Our results provide scientific supports for the management and protection of Siberian larch at different altitudes in Altai Mountains.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Fish resources status in Heishui River, a tributary of the lower reaches of Jinsha River. TENG Hang, TIAN Hui-wu, LIU Han-wen, CHENG Bi-xin, YANG Shao-rong, LIU Shao-ping, CHEN Da-qing, DUAN Xin-bin Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1499-1511.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.016 Abstract （389）      PDF（pc） （1780KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save Heishui River, located in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River, is an important habitat and a priority tributary for fish conservation in the mainstream of the Baihetan Reservoir area. The structure of fish communities in Heishui River has been changed due to human activities, such as hydropower station construction, overfishing, and sand excavation from river channels. The aim of this study was to understand the status of fish resources and to provide a scientific basis for fish resources protection and ecological restoration in Heishui River. Quarterly samples were collected at 23 sampling sites in Heishui River from November 2018 to September 2019. Fish samples were collected by gill nets (outer mesh 7 cm, inner mesh 2-3 cm, net height 2 m, net length 80 m) and cages (12 m×0.4 m×0.4 m). Species identity, body weight and body length of all fish collected at each sampling site were determined. During the surveys, a total of 44 fish species were identified belonging to 4 orders, 10 families, and 33 genera, with 11 species being endemic species of the upper Yangtze River. Paracobitis varigatus, Schizothorax wangchiachii, Triplophysa daqiaoensis, Zacco platypus, Paracobitis potanini and Glyptothorax sinense were the dominant fish species in Heishui River, which accounted for 28.44%, 28.01%, 16.66%, 7.18%, 5.09% and 3.36% of the total weight of captures, respectively. The similarity of fish community composition between the upper reaches of Sujiawan Dam and the lower reaches of backwater point 765 in Heishui River was the lowest (24.32%), whereas the upper reaches of the Sujiawan dam and the reaches from Songxin dam site to Laomuhe dam site was the highest (61.90%). The results of autecology matrix analysis showed that the fish community in Heishui River was mainly composed of riffle, with lower mouth, and omnivore group. The fish diversity index showed an increasing tendency from upstream to downstream of Heishui River, with no variation of diversity index among different seasons (P>0.05). Abundance biomass comparison (ABC) curve showed that the structure of the fish community in Heishui River was moderately disturbed. Our results suggested that the fish in Heishui River exhibited a trend of miniaturization compared with historical data, and consequently the protection measures should be strengthened. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in remediation technologies of heavy metals contaminated soil: Principles and technologies. WANG Hong-bo, GOU Wen-xian, WU Yu-qing, LI Wei Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (8): 2277-2288.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202108.037 Abstract （370）      PDF（pc） （670KB）（346）       Knowledge map    Save Soil contamination by heavy metals is one of the global environmental problems, which is a major threat to environmental quality, human health, and national food security. To mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metals contamination, a variety of soil remediation technologies have been developed based on fundamental knowledge of physical, chemical, and biological sciences in the past decades, aiming to reduce the concentrations or bioavailability of heavy metals. Here, we reviewed ten remediation techniques, including encapsulation, landfilling, soil replacement, electrokinetic remediation, thermal treatment, vitrification, soil washing, stabilization/solidification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation. The principles, technical feasibility, and applicable conditions of all the technologies were evaluated, and the merits and disadvantages were discussed. In addition, we proposed that the basic earth science could contribute to the remediating of heavy metals contaminated soils as a natural attenuation process. Finally, we pinpointed how to choose a suitable remediation technology and how to fulfill key knowledge gaps and to overcome practical challenges. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of stand density on community structure of soil phoDharboring microorganisms and bacteria in Pinus massoniana plantations. PAN Fu-jing, CHEN Ying-qian, LIANG Yue-ming, MA Jiang-ming, YANG Zhang-qi, YAN Pei-dong, LING Tian-wang, LI Ming-jin Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1233-1243.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.015 Abstract （365）      PDF（pc） （1965KB）（282）       Knowledge map    Save Forest growth is commonly limited by soil phosphorus (P) availability. Understanding the relationships between soil P availability and the community structure of soil phoD harboring microorganisms and bacteria in different stand densities of Pinus massoniana plantations would provide a theoretical basis for selecting an appropriate management strategy. We analyzed the community structures of soil phoDharboring microorganisms and bacteria under four density stands of Pinus massoniana: low density (2500 trees·hm-2), medium density (3300 trees·hm-2), mediumhigh density (4500 trees·hm-2), and high density (6000 trees·hm-2) stands. We used the HiSeq 2500 high-throughput sequencing method to analyze soil microbial community. In addition, the effects of stand density on the community structures of microorganisms were analyzed from an ecological stoichiometry perspective. The results showed that the concentrations of soil organic C and needle leaf P were the highest in the medium-density stands. Soil C∶N ratios, nitrate concentration, exchangeable calcium concentration, six P fractions (CaCl-P, citrate-P, HCl-P, total available P, enzyme-P, and microbial biomass P), acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and needle leaf C∶P and N∶P ratios were the lowest in the medium-density stands. The community structure of soil phoDharboring microorganisms and bacteria were significantly different among the four density stands. The Shannon diversity of the microbes was not significantly different among the stands. The relative abundance of the dominant genus Bradyrhizobium was the lowest in the mediumdensity stand. Results of redundancy analysis highlighted the role of soil pH and nutrients in driving variations in the community structures of soil phoDharboring microorganisms and bacteria among different density stands, indicating that the differences in community structures of soil phoDharboring microorganisms and bacteria were driven by stand density and soil factors, with greater contribution from stand density. These results suggest that medium-density Pinus massoniana plantation is least limited by P availability, and thus is a suitable plantation density. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research advance on the key factors affecting the migration of alpine grassland plants to high altitude or high latitude in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Awang, ZHANG Li-rong, SUN Jian-ping, ZHANG Su-ren, XIA Lu, WANG Shi-ping Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1521-1529.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.001 Abstract （350）      PDF（pc） （560KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Save In response to rapid climate warming, plants in the alpine grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are increasingly migrating to high altitude or high latitude. However, few studies have addressed the processes and mechanisms of species migration, which limits our comprehensive understanding the responses and adaptation of alpine plants to climate warming. In this review, we summarized related studies on plant migration and analyzed the key processes and mechanisms restricting plant migration to high altitude or high latitude in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the perspective of life history, including seed dispersal, seed germination, seedling establishment, and plant competition. Generally, seed dispersal is the main factor limiting the migration of alpine grassland plants to high altitude or high latitude. Seed germination and seedling establishment also play a role. The competition among mature plants may have limited influence on plant migration. Currently, many studies on QinghaiTibet Plateau focus on model simulation. In the future, long-term in situ observations and field manipulative experiments should be strengthened to clarify the processes and mechanisms underlying species migration in alpine grassland, which would provide theoretical basis for model simulation, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem function maintenance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Competitive effects of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) on the growth of three dominant weeds in summer maize fields. LIU Xiao-min, LI Jie, XU Xian, ZHAO Bo-chui, LI Bing-hua, LIU Shao-xing, WANG Gui-qi Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1324-1330.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.031 Abstract （349）      PDF（pc） （1626KB）（65）       Knowledge map    Save Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), goosegrass (Eleusine indica), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) are the three dominant weed species in summer maize fields. To get more scientific weed control strategies, we adapted the De Wit replacement series design to examine the competitive effects of mung bean on the three weed species under different mixed ratios. Results showed that plant height and biomass of crabgrass, goosegrass, and pigweed decreased with increasing mixed ratios of mung bean and weeds. Compared with the monoculture, plant height of crabgrass, goosegrass and pigweed decreased by 19.4%, 17.9%, and 14.7%, and dry weight decreased by 71.7%, 78.0%, and 38.2%, respectively, when the ratio was 3∶1. Under mixtures, the number of tillers of crabgrass and goosegrass was significantly reduced under different mixed ratios. However, side shoot number of pigweed decreased significantly only at the mix ratio of 3∶1 (P<0.05). Under different mixed ratios, the relative biomass of crabgrass, goosegrass and pigweed was lower than 1.0 (P<0.05). Relative biomass of weeds decreased with the increasing mixed ratio of mung bean. Our results indicated that mung bean was strong competitive to the three dominant weeds, and the competitive ability increased with its density. Competitive balance index between mung bean and crabgrass or goosegrass was significantly greater than 0 (P<0.05), but that between mung bean and pigweed was significantly greater than 0 only at the higher mixed ratio (3∶1) (P<0.05), indicating that competitive ability of mung bean to the grass weeds was greater than the broadleaved weeds. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of reduced chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer application on the yield and grain quality of sweet-waxy corn. FANG Cheng, DAI Zi-wen, LI Wei-ming, WANG Dong-sheng, JIAO Jia-guo, CHEN Xiao-yun, XU Li Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1347-1355.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.003 Abstract （346）      PDF（pc） （790KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save We examined the effects of 30% reduction of chemical fertilizer replaced by adding different organic fertilizers (chicken manure organic fertilizer, vermicompost from pig manure, and vermicompost from kitchen waste) on the growth, yield and grain quality of sweet-waxy corn, aiming to choose proper strategy of using organic fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer in sweet-waxy corn planting. Sweet-waxy corn Nongkeyu 368 was used as test crop. There were six treatments, including no fertilizer treatment (CK), fullquantity fertilizer application (CF), reduced fertilizer application (RF), reduced fertilizer combined with chicken manure organic fertilizer (RF+OF), reduced fertilizer combined with vermicompost from pig manure (RF+PF), andreduced fertilizer combined with vermicompost from kitchen waste (RF+KF). The growth and photosynthetic characteristics of corn were measured at the jointing stage and tasseling stage respectively, while the yield and quality (including heavy metal content) of the grain were measured during the harvest period. The corn yield under the treatments of RF+KF and RF+PF was similar to that under CF treatment. Compared with CF treatment, the number of spikes of RF treatment was significantly decreased while the yield was not significantly different. The plant height, stem diameter and leaf chlorophyll content followed the sequence of CF ≥RF+KF > RF > RF+OF > (RF+PF). Compared with CF treatment, photosynthetic rate was significantly lower under RF+PF treatment, and intercellular CO2 concentration of RF+KF was significantly higher. Fertilizer application significantly increased the contents of vitamin C, soluble protein, and starch in corn grains. Compared with CF treatment, reduced fertilization with application of organic fertilizer significantly increased vitamin C content, with the maximum under RF+KF treatment. The soluble protein content was significantly higher under RF+PF treatment. The soluble sugar contents were significantly higher under RF+OF and RF+KF treatments, with an enhancement of42.07% and 69.01%, respectively. The starch content was significantly higher under RF+KF treatment. Fertilization treatment significantly increased Zn content in the corn grains, but did not affect Cd and Pb contents. The maximum accumulation of Zn, Cu, and Cr was found under RF+OF treatment. In conclusion, corn yield under RF+PF and RF+KF treatments was similar to that under full-quantity fertilizer treatment. RF+KF treatment improved fruit quality, and thus is a feasible strategy for fertilizer reduction in corn production. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Community structure and driving factors for rhizosphere ectomycorrhizal fungi of Betula platyphylla in Daqing Mountain. LI Min, GAO Xiu-hong Chinese Journal of Ecology    2021, 40 (5): 1244-1252.   DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202105.004 Abstract （338）      PDF（pc） （779KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save Mycorrhizal fungi are one of the most important functional groups in soils, which significantly affect plant community composition and ecosystem function. Betula platyphylla, a typical ectomycorrhizal fungi-dominated tree species, is a pioneer species in natural secondary succession of forests. To better understand the composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was used to examine the diversity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere soil of B. platyphylla in three sites of Jingerliang (JEL), Hadamen Forest Park (HDM), and Xiaojinggou (XJG) in Daqing Mountain, Hohhot. The results showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungi belonged to 2 phyla, 3 classes, 7 orders, 17 families, and 25 genera. At the phylum level, Basidiomycota accounted for 98.79% of all ectomycorrhizal fungi, with the rest being Ascomycota (1.21%). At the genus level, Russula,Cortinarius, Clavulina, Hysterangium,Hebeloma, Hygrophorus,Amanita and Tuber were the dominant ectomycorrhizal fungi. The diversity and richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi communities significantly differed among the three sites, with XJG being the highest, followed by HDM, and JEL being the lowest. The PCA clustering results of ectomycorrhizal fungi communities showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure in HDM and XJG was similar, which was quite different from that in JEL. The RDA was employed to analyze the ecological causes of the differences in the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the three sites. All soil factors explained 98.3% of the differences in the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, with AP, TN, OM and AK being the main factors driving the differences of community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi among the three sites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）