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围填海对湿地水鸟种群、行为和栖息地的影响

颜凤,李宁,杨文,乔亚军,安树青*   

  1. (南京大学生命科学学院, 南京 210023)
  • 出版日期:2017-07-10 发布日期:2017-07-10

Effects of reclamation on wetland waterbird populations, behaviors and habitats.

YAN Feng, LI Ning, YANG Wen, QIAO Ya-jun, AN Shu-qing*   

  1. (School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China).
  • Online:2017-07-10 Published:2017-07-10

摘要: 湿地水鸟是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分。由于水鸟对湿地环境的变化较为敏感,所以被认为是监测湿地环境质量的指示生物。围填海严重破坏了湿地生态环境,对水鸟的种群、行为和栖息地利用产生了重大影响。本文从种群生态方面分析围填海对鸟类种群数量和多样性的影响;从水鸟行为方面归纳围填海对鸟类取食行为、繁殖行为、迁徙行为、社群行为的影响;从水鸟栖息地利用方面探讨围填海对水鸟栖息地利用和适宜生境选择的影响。围填海通常会降低生境专性鸟类种群数量,但对生境泛性鸟类的种群数量影响较小。围垦强度决定着鸟类多样性大小。适度的围垦使得生境多样化,有利于鸟类多样性的增加;过度的围垦则使得水鸟生境破碎化,从而导致多样性下降。围填海后的生境状况影响着水鸟的取食、繁殖、迁徙、社群行为及栖息地的选择。滩涂面积的减少以及植被群落的改变不利于涉禽的觅食栖息,而养殖塘等人工湿地则为游禽提供了丰富的食物来源以及良好的栖息环境。扩大研究的时空尺度可全面分析围填海对鸟类的影响机制;将多种水鸟结合在一起并分析其对围填海的响应机制应是未来研究的热点。

关键词: 遥感, 归一化植被指数, 退耕还林工程, 长江流域中上游地区

Abstract: Waterbirds are important components of wetland ecosystems, which are regarded as indicators used to monitor the quality of wetland environment owing to their sensibility to environmental change. Reclamation has seriously damaged the ecological environment of wetland and caused significant impacts on waterbird populations, behaviors and habitats. This paper analyzed the effects of reclamation on the population and diversity of birds in the aspects of population ecology, summarized the effects of reclamation on feeding, reproduction, migration and mixedspecies flocks, and discussed the effects of reclamation on habitat use and selection. Reclamation usually reduces the population of specialist rather than the generalist. The intensity of reclamation determines the diversity of waterbirds. Moderate reclamation makes habitat diversified, which is conducive to increase the diversity of waterbirds, and excessive reclamation makes habitat fragmented, which decreases diversity of waterbirds. The situation of habitat after reclamation affects waterbird feeding, reproduction, migration, mixedspecies flocks and habitat selection. More-over, the reduced tidalflat area and changed plant community are not conducive to the foraging and inhabitation of grallatores, while the artificial wetland provides abundant food sources and good habitat for natatores. We should expand the spatial and temporal scales of the research to analyze the mechanism of reclamation effect and analyze a variety of waterbirds together to find the mechanism of response to the reclamation in the future research.

Key words: Grain for Green Project, remote sensing, the region containing the upper and middle reaches of China’s Yangtze River, NDVI