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海藻功能物质的提取工艺、理化性质以及在农业领域中的应用

耿银银,尹媛红,沈宏*   

  1. (华南农业大学资源环境学院, 广州 510642)
  • 出版日期:2017-10-10 发布日期:2017-10-10

Process technologies and chemical-physical properties of seaweed extracts as well as their application in agriculture.

GENG Yin-yin, YIN Yuan-hong, SHEN Hong*   

  1. (College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China).
  • Online:2017-10-10 Published:2017-10-10

摘要: 海藻生长在高盐、高压、低温、少光照的海洋环境中,为应对这些环境胁迫,海藻在生长过程中积累了许多具有特定功能的天然活性物质,这些物质对促进作物生长、改善品质、增强农作物抗逆性具有重要作用。本文从海藻功能物质提取工艺着手,详细介绍了物理破碎、酸/碱化学水解、复合酶解/菌解等方法的优缺点,指出物理、化学和生物相结合的复合降解是获得海藻特定功能物质的最佳工艺;同时,分析了海藻糖类、海藻酚类、内源激素及氨基酸衍生物等主要成分的生理功能,以期说明海藻提取物促进作物生长的内在机理;在此基础上,重点讨论了海藻提取物修复问题土壤、促进根系生长、提高开花/坐果率、以及增强抗逆性的效果;最后,提出了海藻提取物在研究与应用中存在的问题以及未来需要深入研究的方向。

关键词: 密闭园, 叶片质量, 冠层结构, 苹果, 间伐改形

Abstract: In order to adapt to marine environmental stresses, such as high salinity, high pressure, low temperature and less sunshine, seaweed plants accumulate many kinds of functional active substances in their tissues during growth process. These active substances play important roles in promoting crop growth and improving fruit quality, and enhancing the resistance to environmental stresses. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages for the methods of physically ultrasonic crushing, chemical acid/alkaline hydrolysis, and complex enzymatic hydrolysis or microbial hydrolysis are discussed in detail according to the extraction technologies of seaweed extracts. It is pointed out that the combination of physical, chemical and biological hydrolysis is the best process for obtaining specific functional substances in seaweed. Meanwhile, the physiological functions of polysaccharides, polyphenols, phytohormones, and amino acid derivatives in seaweed are analyzed so as to explain the internal mechanism of seaweed extracts to promote crop growth. On this basis, the effects of seaweed extracts on soil remediation, root growth, flowering/fruit setting and stress resistance are emphatically discussed. Finally, some problems in the research and application as well as research directions regarding seaweed extracts are put forward.

Key words: dense orchard, canopy structure., thinning and reshaping, leaf quality, apple