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太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

刘红江,郑建初,郭智,陈留根*,张岳芳,王〓鑫   

  1. (江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 南京 210014)
  • 出版日期:2016-11-10 发布日期:2016-11-10

Effects of reduced nitrogen application on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of rice in Taihu area.

LIU Hong-jiang, ZHENG Jian-chu, GUO Zhi, CHEN Liu-gen*, ZHANG Yue-fang, WANG Xin   

  1. (Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nangjing 210014, China).
  • Online:2016-11-10 Published:2016-11-10

摘要: 为了明确太湖地区高产稻田适宜施氮量,以提高水稻氮素利用效率,减少稻田氮素流失对农业生态环境的影响,本研究在调查当地农户稻田氮肥施用量的基础上,通过秸秆还田和基肥机械深施,设置不施氮肥(N0)为空白对照,当地习惯施氮水平360 kg·hm-2(N1),以及在此基础上减少氮肥施用量的10%(N2)、20%(N3)、30%(N4)等5个处理,研究其对水稻氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:氮肥减量使水稻不同生育时期稻田土壤速效氮含量明显下降;在当地习惯施氮量水平的基础上,减少10%的氮肥施用量,使水稻产量增加1.9%;与当地习惯施氮量水平相比较,N2处理水稻氮素累积量差异不明显,N3和N4处理则表现为显著下降;随着氮肥减量幅度的增加,水稻氮素籽粒生产效率逐渐增高;在当地习惯施氮量水平的基础上,通过基肥机械深施和秸秆还田等技术的应用,减少10%的氮肥施用量,能够保证水稻高产稳产,并使水稻氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、生理利用率以及氮肥偏生产力均得到明显提高。

关键词: 土壤水分, 春玉米, 土壤轮耕, 土壤氮储量, 土壤碳储量

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of reduced nitrogen application on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of rice, thus determining suitable nitrogen application rate on high yielding rice field in Taihu area, improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice and reducing the effects of nitrogen loss through runoff from paddy fields on agricultural ecological environment. Based on the investigation of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to rice by local farmers, five treatments including no nitrogen fertilization (N0), local custom fertilization with 360 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application (N1), and nitrogen reduction of 10% (N2), 20% (N3), and 30% (N4) were conducted, with deep application of basic fertilizer by machinery and straw return. Nitrogen reduction obviously decreased soil available nitrogen content in different rice growth stages. Nitrogen reduction of 10% increased rice yield by 1.9%. Nitrogen accumulation of rice gradually decreased with the increasing extent of nitrogen reduction, there was no significant difference between N1 and N2 treatments, and N3 and N4 treatments significantly decreased nitrogen accumulation of rice. Nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield gradually increased with the increasing extent of nitrogen reduction. Combined with deep application of basic fertilizer by machinery and straw return, nitrogen reduction of 10% on the basis of the amount of local custom fertilization ensured the high yield of rice, and at the same time obviously increased agronomic efficiency, recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer.

Key words: spring maize, soil carbon storage, soil moisture., soil nitrogen storage, soil rotation tillage