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河口地区牡蛎礁的生态功能及恢复措施

全为民;沈新强;罗民波;陈亚瞿   

  1. 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所农业部海洋与河口渔业重点开放实验室, 上海 200090
  • 收稿日期:2006-03-28 修回日期:2006-06-03 出版日期:2006-10-10 发布日期:2006-10-10

Ecological function and restoration measures of oyster reef in estuaries

QUAN Weimin; SHEN Xinqiang; LUO Minbo; CHEN Yaqu   

  1. Key and Open Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries of Agriculture Ministry, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
  • Received:2006-03-28 Revised:2006-06-03 Online:2006-10-10 Published:2006-10-10

摘要: 在许多温带河口区,牡蛎礁是具有重要生态功能的特殊生境。牡蛎礁在净化水体、提供栖息生境、保护生物多样性和耦合生态系统能量流动等方面均具有重要的功能。近100年来,由于过度采捕、环境污染、病害和生境破坏等原因,许多温带河口区牡蛎种群数量持续下降,河口生态系统的结构与功能受到破坏,富营养化越来越严重。为了修复河口生态系统、净化水质和促进渔业可持续发展,近20年来,世界各地开展了一系列牡蛎礁的恢复活动,尤其美国在东海岸及墨西哥湾建立了大量的人工牡蛎礁,许多研究结果证实,构建的人工牡蛎礁经过2~3年时间,就能恢复自然生境的生态功能。本文介绍了我国首次牡蛎增殖放流工程长江口南北导堤牡蛎礁,近2年的监测结果显示,长江口导堤牡蛎种群数量快速增长,附近水生生态系统的结构与功能得到明显改善。最后,针对目前牡蛎礁恢复过程中存在的不足,提出了需进一步研究的课题,包括牡蛎基础生物学(病害和分子系统进化),牡蛎礁恢复的关键技术、科学程序及成功的评价标准等。

关键词: 大鸨, 繁殖期, 觅食地, 栖息地选择, 草原

Abstract: In many temperate estuaries, oyster reef is a very special marine habitat which plays many important ecological functions such as purifying water body, providing aquatic animals’ habitat, protecting biodiversity, and coupling ecosystem energy flow. In last century, as the results of over-fishing, environmental pollution, disease, and habitat destruction, the oyster population in many temperate estuaries had a persistent decrease, which led to the destruction of estuarine ecosystem and the serious eutrophication in estuaries. To restore estuarine ecosystem, purify water quality, and promote sustainable fisheries, a series of oyster reef restoration activities were developed in many estuaries in the past two decades. Especially in the eastern coast and Mexico gulf of USA, lots of artificial oyster reefs were built, and many studies revealed that the established artificial oyster reefs could restore the ecological function of natural habitat after 2-3 years. This paper introduced the first oyster releasing and breeding engineering in China, i . e . , the oyster reef in the southern and northern dams of Yangtze River estuary. The recent two years monitoring results showed that the oyster population on the oyster reef increased promptly, and the ecosystem was being restored gradually. There are many scientific issues needed be studied in the future, including the basic biology (diseases and molecular systematic evolution),key techniques, scientific procedure, and success criteria of oyster reef restoration.

Key words: Otis tarda dybowskil, Breeding season, Foraging habitat, Habitat selection, Grassland